The term "mental template" has been used frequently by lithic analysts in recent years, especially in discussions of Lower Paleolithic bifaces and large cutting tools, of Middle Paleolithic stone tool typology, and of differences between Middle and Upper Paleolithic industries in Europe (e.g., Ambrose 1998; Ashton and White 2003; Barton 1990; Bisson 2001; Gowlett 1984, 1996, 2006; Marks, et al....

abstract one of the main concerns in educational settings has been the degree of the learners’ involvement in learning and the extent to which they actively participate in classroom talks and interactions. the present study is an emic-based ethnographic study aimed at providing insights about patterns of talk and different degrees of interaction in efl university classes with a specific focus o...

The Magnetospheric Multi-scale Mission has frequently observed periodic bursts of counterstreaming electrons with energies ranging from ≈ 30 to 500 keV at the Earth's magnetospheric boundary layers, termed “microinjections.” Recently, a source region for microinjections was discovered high-latitude magnetosphere where showed up simultaneously all energy channels and were organized by magnetic f...

In general terms, indigenous research is any study about a uniquely local phenomenon that examines its local (emic) implications and/or its global (etic) implications. Whether a study is indigenous or not can be judged by a simple rule that the study involves at least one construct or variable unique to a local phenomenon. Further, the quality of an indigenous study can be assessed by the novel...

Ecologies shape cultures; cultures influence the development of personalities. There are both universal and culture-specific aspects of variation in personality. Some culture-specific aspects correspond to cultural syndromes such as complexity, tightness, individualism, and collectivism. A large body of literature suggests that the Big Five personality factors emerge in various cultures. Howeve...

This paper examines the current approaches used in the training of intercultural business communication such as cultural patterns and skills, and points out that these approaches mainly reflect the etic or culture-general perspective. What is missing is the emic or culture-specific perspective. In order to promote intercultural research based on both perspectives, this paper details ethnography...

Previous studies using Western samples have found that introducing uncertainty to an intertemporal choice decreases the degree of discounting future rewards. The authors of this article examined the effect of risk on intertemporal choice using Chinese participants and found that respondents preferred the smaller but sooner (SS) outcome to the larger but later (LL) one in the presence of risk, w...

Article history: Received 27 June 2016 Accepted 27 June 2016 Available online 28 June 2016 emic subjects reported that high levels of total IgG was associated with a higher incidence of CHD (Kovanen et al., 1998). It is of course possible that total Ig is a marker higher risk in subjects with dyslipidemia and a marker of lower risk in subjects with hypertension but it is difficult to see a path...

A primary tenet underlying American Sign Language/English bilingual education for deaf students is that early access to a visual language, developed in conjunction with language planning principles, provides a foundation for literacy in English. The goal of this study is to obtain an emic perspective on bilingual deaf readers transitioning from learning to read to reading to learn. Analysis of ...

Current measures of religious coping are generally etic in nature, measuring constructs across religions. Emic variables (i.e., those specific to particular religions) often left out, which limits our ability assess religious/spiritual during times stress and adversity. Here we provide findings from three studies conducted develop test an emic Christian meaning-making method: identifying with C...