To search the infrared behaviour of the propagator in three dimensional QED ordinary perturbative method is not appropreate because of its bad infrared divergences[4].Assuming spectral representation and LSZ reduction formula,we evaluate the infrared behaviour or the mass singularity of the fermion propagator in three dimensional QED as in four dimension.In quenched case with bare photon mass w...

To search the infrared behaviour of the propagator in three dimensional QED ordinary perturbative method is not appropreate because of its bad infrared divergences[4].Assuming spectral representation and LSZ reduction formula,we evaluate the infrared behaviour or the mass singularity of the fermion propagator in three dimensional QED as in four dimension.In quenched case with bare photon mass w...

Quantum weak energy inequalities have recently been extensively discussed as a condition on the dynamical stability of quantum field states, particularly on curved spacetimes. We formulate the notion of a quantum weak energy inequality for general dynamical systems on static background spacetimes and establish a connection between quantum weak energy inequalities and thermodynamics. Namely, for...

Planetary nebulae can be useful dynamical probes of elliptical galaxy halos, but progress thus far has been hampered by the small data samples available for study. In order to obtain a large sample of planetary nebulae for dynamical analysis, we have re-observed the giant elliptical galaxy M87 in the center of the Virgo Cluster. Surprisingly, we find that the M87 sample is contaminated by a sig...

Let $G$ be a finite simple graph whose vertices and edges are weighted by two functions. In this paper we shall define and calculate entropy of a dynamical system on weights of the graph $G$, by using the weights of vertices and edges of $G$. We examine the conditions under which entropy of the dynamical system is zero, possitive or $+infty$. At the end it is shown that, for $rin [0,+infty]$, t...

let $g$ be a connected graph with vertex set $v(g)$‎. ‎the‎ ‎degree resistance distance of $g$ is defined as $d_r(g) = sum_{{u‎,‎v} subseteq v(g)} [d(u)+d(v)] r(u,v)$‎, ‎where $d(u)$ is the degree‎ ‎of vertex $u$‎, ‎and $r(u,v)$ denotes the resistance distance between‎ ‎$u$ and $v$‎. ‎in this paper‎, ‎we characterize $n$-vertex unicyclic‎ ‎graphs having minimum and second minimum degree resista...

The conformance testing problem for dynamical systems asks, given two dynamical models (e.g., as Simulink diagrams), whether their behaviors are “close” to each other. In the semi-formal approach to conformance testing, the two systems are simulated on a large set of tests, and a metric, defined on pairs of realvalued, real-timed trajectories, is used to determine a lower bound on the distance....

The conformance testing problem for dynamical systems asks, given two dynamical models (e.g., as Simulink diagrams), whether their behaviors are “close” to each other. In the semi-formal approach to conformance testing, the two systems are simulated on a large set of tests, and a metric, defined on pairs of real-valued, real-timed trajectories, is used to determine a lower bound on the distance...

In this paper, the nonlinear dynamic system of equations, a type of nuclear ssion reactor is solved analytically and numerically. Considering that the direct solution of three-dimensional dynamical systems analysis and more in order to determine the stability and instability, in terms of algebraicsystems is dicult. Using certain situations in mathematics called Hurwitz criterion, Necessary and ...