With the aid of modern electromyography, numerous authors (Pabst and Esslen, I960; Sato, ig60; Orlowski and W6jtowicz, I962; Burger, I963; Blodi, van Allen, and Yarbrough, I964; Huber and Esslen, I969) have recently come to the (surprisingly) unanimous conclusion that a paradoxical innervation of the external rectus muscle of the affected eye represents the pathogenetic principle of all the ret...

and Duane Seppi for feedback on earlier drafts.

With the aid of modern electromyography, numerous authors (Pabst and Esslen, I960; Sato, ig60; Orlowski and W6jtowicz, I962; Burger, I963; Blodi, van Allen, and Yarbrough, I964; Huber and Esslen, I969) have recently come to the (surprisingly) unanimous conclusion that a paradoxical innervation of the external rectus muscle of the affected eye represents the pathogenetic principle of all the ret...

OBJECTIVE To describe preoperative characteristics and postoperative results among patients with esotropic Duane syndrome who underwent vertical rectus transposition with vs without subsequent medial rectus recession (MRR). METHODS Clinical records were compared of patients with esotropic Duane syndrome who underwent vertical rectus transposition with (study group) vs without (control group) ...

CASE REPORT We report 3 cases with a vertical incomitance in upgaze, narrowing of palpebral fissure, and pseudo-overaction of both inferior oblique muscles. Surgery consisted of an elevation of both lateral rectus muscles with an asymmetrical weakening. A satisfactory result was achieved in 2 cases, whereas a Lambda syndrome appeared in the other case. DISCUSSION The surgical technique of upp...