In belief functions theory, the discounting operation allows to combine information provided by a source in the form of a belief function with meta-knowledge regarding the reliability of that source, resulting in a “weakened”, less informative belief function. In this article, an extension of the discounting operation is proposed, allowing to use more detailed information regarding the reliabil...

BACKGROUND Increased discounting of delayed rewards may be a premorbid characteristic and possible risk factor for alcohol and other drug use disorders; however, previous studies have found no or minimal differences in delay discounting in individuals at risk for substance use disorders based on family history. It is possible that increased delay discounting may be more closely associated with ...

INTRODUCTION Delay discounting is a behavioral economic index of impulsivity that reflects preferences for small immediate rewards relative to larger delayed rewards. It has been consistently linked to pathological gambling and other forms of addictive behavior, and has been proposed to be a behavioral characteristic that may link genetic variation and risk of developing addictive disorders (i....

Time-stable personality traits, such as impulsivity and its relationship with functional and structural brain alterations, have gained much attention in the recent literature. Evidence from functional neuroimaging data implies an association between impulsivity and cortical as well as subcortical areas of the reward system. Discounting future rewards during impulsive decisions can be related to...

This paper introduces the concepts of amount and speed of a discounting procedure. Exponential discounting sequesters both concepts into a single parameter that needs to be disaggregated in order to characterize nonconstant rate procedures. The inverse of the present value of a unit stream of benefits provides a natural measure of the amount a procedure discounts the future. We propose geometri...

We introduce a weighted logic with discounting and we establish Büchi’s and Elgot’s theorem for weighted automata over finite words and arbitrary commutative semirings. Then we investigate Büchi and Muller automata with discounting over the max-plus and the min-plus semiring. We show their expressive equivalence with weighted MSO-sentences with discounting. In this case our logic has a purely s...

We propose that decisions related to resource management (e.g., intertemporal choice between a smaller-and-sooner reward and a larger-and-later reward) are sensitive to and regulated by fluctuating blood glucose levels. Circulating glucose affects intertemporal choice by means of signaling body energy condition instead of serving as a replenishing resource for effortful cognitive processing. We...

Delay discounting occurs when an individual prefers a lesser amount of an outcome that is available immediately, rather than waiting for the full amount. The present study was a preliminary investigation into delay discounting in a yet unstudied population, American Indians (AIs). AI college students completed a delay-discounting task that consisted of fi ve different outcomes (e.g., money, ret...