One of the most important open questions in reasoning research is how inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning are related. In an effort to address this question, we applied methods and concepts from memory research. We used 2 experiments to examine the effects of logical validity and premise-conclusion similarity on evaluation of arguments. Experiment 1 showed 2 dissociations: For a common ...

Reasoning has been extensively studied by many experts. However, Research on student reasoning in trigonometric problem solving, particularly those related to logical thinking skills is still sorely needed. This study aimed explore students' solving function problems regarding skills. The research was conducted using a qualitative approach. subjects involved high school students Palopo, Indones...

argumentation, as proposed by Dung (1995), provides a good starting point for formalizing argumentation. Dung proposed that a set of arguments and counterarguments could be represented by a directed graph. Each node in the graph denotes an argument and each arc denotes one argument attacking another. So if there is an arc from node A to node B, then A attacks B, or equivalently A is a counterar...

Reasoning often occurs under emotionally charged, opinion-laden circumstances. The belief-bias effect indexes the extent to which reasoning is based upon beliefs rather than logical structure. We hypothesized that emotional content will increase this effect, particularly for individuals with higher emotional reactivity. The serotonin transporter genotype is associated with emotional reactivity ...

This article begins with an account of logic, and of how logicians formulate formal rules of inference for the sentential calculus, which hinges on analogs of negation and the connectives if, or, and and. It considers the various ways in which computer scientists have written programs to prove the validity of inferences in this and other domains. Finally, it outlines the principal psychological...

EL is a family of tractable Description Logics (DLs) that is the basis of the OWL 2 EL profile. Unlike for many expressive DLs, reasoning in EL can be performed by computing a deductively-closed set of logical consequences of some specific form. In some ontology-based applications, e.g., for ontology debugging, knowing the logical consequences of the ontology axioms is often not sufficient. The...

The investigation of the mechanisms and principles of human reasoning is as ancient as the history of philosophy. It has always been clear that there is something special that allows humans, to a greater degree than other animals, to think about future states, make plans, have rational discussions, handle complex social situations, and invent marvelous things such as science. What this " someth...

Beweistheorie, or “Proof Theory,” was the phrase that David Hilbert used to describe the program by which he hoped to secure the foundations of mathematics. Set forth in the early 1920’s, his plan was to represent mathematical reasoning by formal deductive systems, and show, using safe, “finitary,” methods, that such reasoning could never lead to contradiction. This particular goal was shown by...