this paper presents an investigation of the structure of persian clauses which display verb phrase ellipsis. to this end, verb phrase ellipsis in persian will be discussed in the light of the two theoretically significant approaches to ellipsis, namely, structural versus non-structural. drawing on data from persian and running the independently devised syntactic tests, we will argue that the or...

RAPID TRANSMERIDIAN TRAVEL CAN PRODUCE JET LAG, WHICH IS CHARACTERIZED BY A CONSTELLATION OF SYMPTOMS, INCLUDING POOR NIGHTTIME SLEEP, INCREASED DAYTIME SLEEPINESS, DECREASED ALERTNESS, IMPAIRED PERFORMANCE, FATIGUE, IRRITABILITY, DEPRESSED MOOD, AND GASTROINTESTINAL DISTRESS.1-5 It is caused by a temporary misalignment between the endogenous circadian clock and the desired destination sleep/wa...

BACKGROUND Cataract surgery (CS) drastically increases the capacity for light reception to the retina. Several previous studies have suggested the beneficial effect of CS on subjectively measured sleep quality; however, the association between CS and objectively measured sleep quality remains uncertain. METHODS To evaluate the association between CS and objectively measured sleep quality in h...

Diet-induced obesity (DIO) in C57BL/6 mice is the standard model for studying obesity in mice. The few reports of DIO utilizing voluntary running provide contradictory results with respect to prevention of obesity. However, total energy expenditures associated with voluntary running during DIO are unknown. We hypothesized that voluntary running would increase the amount of total energy expended...

The onset of the daily wheel running bout precedes dark onset by several hours in the early runner genetic variant of mice. Here, we test the hypothesis that timed daily administration of a melatonin agonist, ramelteon, or a benzodiazepine, triazolam, normalizes the timing of daily wheel-running rhythms in early runner mice. The daily profiles of wheel-running activity of early runner mice were...

Energy metabolism, oxygen consumption rate (VO2), and respiratory quotient (RQ) in mice were monitored continuously throughout 12:12-h light-dark cycles before, during, and after time-restricted feeding (RF). Mice fed ad libitum showed robust daily rhythms in both parameters: high during the dark phase and low during the light phase. The daily profile of energy metabolism in mice under daytime-...

The effect of light on the stomatal resistance of abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces of snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was studied in the growth chamber and in the field. The adaxial stomata required more light to open than the abaxial stomata; the abaxial stomatal apertures were still about 50% open at 1% full sunlight and light-induced closure was never observed under daytime field conditi...

BACKGROUND Stabilization of rapid-cycling bipolar disorder is extremely difficult. METHODS A refractory bipolar I rapid-cycling patient on valproate was treated with long "nights" (extended sleep in darkness) and daytime light therapy. RESULTS Rapid cycling immediately stopped on initiation of a 10 hour dark/rest period. This was extended to 14 hours (plus a self-selected 1 hour midday nap)...

Haze removal is important for computational photography and computer vision applications. However, most of the existing methods for dehazing are designed for daytime images, and cannot always work well in the nighttime. Different from the imaging conditions in the daytime, images captured in nighttime haze condition may suffer from non-uniform illumination due to artificial light sources, which...