Piezoelectric unimorphs are bilayer structures where a blanket piezoelectric film (with top and bottom electrodes) is uniformly laminated on an inactive but flexible substrate. Because of their simple construction and flexibility, unimorphs are widely used as a key element in flexible sensors and actuators. The response of a unimorph is governed by the material properties of the film and the su...

In this paper, for the application to multi-layer piezoelectric devices capable of being used in speakers, Pb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3-Pb(Zr,Ti)O3-BiFeO3 ceramics substituted with Pb(Mg1/2W1/2)O3 were manufactured according MnO2 addition, and their physical properties studied. At non-doped added specimen, maximum values shown, respectively: εr 2182, d33 513 pC/N, kp 0.634. When taking into consideration l...

In a mean-variance world, a less risk averse agent accepts additional variance in exchange for higher expected return. This is not true in all complete markets, but we show that a similar result holds with risk and return defined as in stochastic dominance. Specifically, an agent is less risk averse than another if and only if the agent chooses a payoff that is distributed as the other’s payoff...

This paper offers a quantitative evaluation of the distribution of the welfare of a water privatization experience in Mali among the key economic agents. The assessment is based on an index number inspired by Bennet (1920). The main results are as follows. First, taxpayers are the main losers as residual subsidies are much higher than expected at the time of privatization. Second and contrary t...

This paper investigates the developments in wage inequality in Indonesia from 1994 to 2007. Wage changes are decomposed at the mean as well along the wage distribution. In earlier years, the substantial growth in the earnings of workers was accompanied by moderately declining earnings inequality, a development driven by the effect of coefficients (“prices”). However, in recent years, wage inequ...

We report a comprehensive comparative study of ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of BNT-BKT-BT ceramics through the MPB (morphotropic phase boundary) zone, from the rhombohedral to the tetragonal phases in the system (97.5-x)(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO₃ + x(Bi0.5K0.5)TiO₃ + 2.5(BaTiO₃), where x = 0 to 24.5 mol %. The structural transitions were studied by XRD patterns and Raman spectra. The MPB wa...

We synthesized grain-oriented lead-free piezoelectric materials in (K0.5Bi0.5TiO3-BaTiO3-xNa0.5Bi0.5TiO3 (KBT-BT-NBT) system with high degree of texturing along the [001]c (c-cubic) crystallographic orientation. We demonstrate giant field induced strain (~0.48%) with an ultra-low hysteresis along with enhanced piezoelectric response (d33 ~ 190pC/N) and high temperature stability (~160°C). Trans...

Article history: Received 5 August 2009 Available online 23 November 2010 In this paper we apply a model of early industrialization to the case of New Zealand and Uruguay in 1870–1940. We show how differences in agricultural institutions may have produced different development paths in two countries which were similar under many respects. While in New Zealand the active role of the Crown in reg...

The elastic, piezoelectric, and dielectric constants of 0.67Pb~Mg1/3Nb2/3!O3–0.33PbTiO3 domain engineered single crystal were determined experimentally by using ultrasonic and resonance methods. It was confirmed that the single crystal system has large electromechanical coupling coefficient k33 ~;94%! and piezoelectric constant d33 ~;2800 pC/N! if the poling is done along the @001# of pseudocub...

The full matrix of electro-elastic constants of sillenite-type crystals Bi12TiO20 (BTO) and Bi12SiO20 (BSO) were determined by the resonance method, with d14 and k14 being on the order of 40–48 pC/N and 31%–36%, respectively. In addition, double-rotated orientation dependence of d33 was investigated, with the maximum values of 25–28 pC/N being achieved in ZXtl45°/54°-cut samples. The electrical...