The logic of confusion is a way to handle together incompatible “viewpoints”. These viewpoints can be information data, physical experiments, sets of opinions or believes. Logics of confusion are obtained by generalizing Jaskowski-type semantics and combining it with many-valued se-

Both historical sound change and laboratory confusion studies show strong asymmetries of consonant confusions. In particular, /ki/ commonly changes to /ti/, and /pi/ to /ti/, but not the reverse. It is hypothesized that such asymmetries arise when two sounds are acoustically similar except for one or more differentiating cues, which are subject to a highly directional perceptual error. This per...

Anatomy The canine lens is suspended in the eye by zonular ligaments which arise from the ciliary epithelium and attach to the lens at the equator. The lens capsule is an elastic basement membrane which encloses the underlying anterior epithelium and lens fibers. The size of the lens is approximately 7mm in the anterior/posterior aspect and 10mm as the equatorial diameter. The anterior lens cap...