background : inequality in households’ payments on food and health expenditures presents the accessibility and utili-zation patterns between them. this study investigated the iranian rural and urban households’ inequality in payments on food and out-of-pocket health expenditures from 1998 to 2012. methods : this descriptive study was conducted through the analysis of iranian statistics centre d...

Until now, existing remuneration of environmental services has not sufficiently supported the goals of spending money more effectively on the environment and of motivating farmers. Only a small share of the budgets for agriculture in the EU, as well as in US and other countries, is available for buying environmental goods and services beyond the level of good farming practice (GFP). This combin...

Several procedures have been employed to examine the impacts of subsidies on different indices in an economy. This paper proposes a new approach enabling one to compare direct and indirect payments on households. To this end, the impact of government payments is examined on Gross Regional Products, Employment, Income Distribution and Inflation of Golestan Province in Iran through a Social Accou...

this study has been done with the aim of determining the effect of financial and nonfinancial compensation satisfaction on employee engagement considering mediator role of perceived organizational justice. the research statistical population included eight hundred sixty two isfahan municipality employees. three hundred fourtheen persons were selected as the research sample by stratified random ...

several procedures have been employed to examine the impacts of subsidies on different indices in an economy. this paper proposes a new approach enabling one to compare direct and indirect payments on households. to this end, the impact of government payments is examined on gross regional products, employment, income distribution and inflation of golestan province in iran through a social accou...

The humanitarian crisis significantly affects the provision of medical and pharmaceutical care to PWD, makes it difficult predict its availability affordability. It was established that despite military actions in Ukraine, reimbursement system is experiencing both negative positive trends. Negative trends are : an increase drug prices, amount patient co-payments, a decrease number glucose-lower...

Background: Out-of-pocket and informal payments are considered as 2 most important topics for equity in health care financing. Therfore, this study was conducted to systematically review and meta-analyze the status of these payments in Iran's health care system.    Methods: Required data were collected through searching the following key terms: "Unofficial", "Informal ...

This article systematizes all the claims imposed by creditors in order to determine occurrence of an insolvency situation. These are divided into two categories: monetary obligations and mandatory payments, debts included them described detail. In highlighting essence category “monetary obligations”, norms civil law labor mutually compared, content concept “mandatory payments” accordance with t...

This study uses data from a vignette experiment (n = 401) of large-scale agricultural landowners in western Canada to quantify attributes that enhance acceptance wind farms on their land or municipality. The analysis addresses the role community relationships and procedural fairness development power. Random effects models indicate are more accepting power if such projects include local coopera...

Background: Informal payments in the health sector of many developing countries are considered as a major impediment to health care reforms. Informal payments are a form of systemic fraud and have adverse effects on the performance of the health system. In this study, the frequency and extent of informal payments as well as the determinants of these payments were investigated in general hospita...