Dystonia is a heterogeneous movement disorder and has been defined as 'a syndrome of sustained muscle contractions, frequently causing twisted and repetitive movements, or abnormal postures'. The classification of dystonia has developed along with increasing knowledge, and different schemes have been suggested, including age at onset, body distribution, and etiology as the main differentiating ...

Dystonia is generally regarded as a disorder of the basal ganglia and their efferent connections to the thalamus and brainstem, but an important role of cerebellar-thalamo-cortical (CTC) circuits in the pathophysiology of dystonia has been invoked. Here in a sham controlled trial, we tested the effects of two-weeks of cerebellar continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) in a sample of cervical ...

BACKGROUND Dystonia, a debilitating movement disorder characterized by abnormal fixed positions and/or twisting postures, is associated with dysfunction of motor control networks. While gross brain lesions can produce secondary dystonias, advanced neuroimaging techniques have been required to identify network abnormalities in primary dystonias. Prior neuroimaging studies have provided valuable ...

The aim of this study was to detect clinical hints regarding the development secondary treatment failure (STF) in patients with focal dystonia who were exclusively treated incobotulinumtoxin/A (incoBoNT/A). In total, 33 outpatients (26 idiopathic cervical dystonia, 4 Meige syndrome and 3 other cranial dystonia) repeated injections incoBoNT/A for a mean period 6.4 years without interruptions rec...

Dystonia is a hyperkinetic movement disorder characterized by sustained muscle contractions that produce repetitive movements and abnormal postures. Specific information on the prevalence of dystonia has been difficult to establish because the existing epidemiological studies of the condition have adopted different methodologies for case ascertainment, resulting in widely differing reported pre...

A gene (DYT1) for early onset idiopathic torsion dystonia was mapped to chromosome 9q34 in non-Jewish and Jewish families. The DYT1 gene region has been excluded in other families with adult onset and cervical or cranial onset idiopathic torsion dystonia from the United States, Great Britain, and France. The role of DYT1 in a Swedish family with adult onset idiopathic torsion dystonia in four g...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Primary focal or segmental dystonia is a rare clinical condition. The clinical features of dystonia have not been evaluated in China. We performed a study to investigate the epidemiology of primary dystonia and its clinical variants in an adult population. METHODS A Botulinum Toxin Clinic-based study was conducted in the period 18 May through 8 October 2010 in East Chin...

OBJECTIVES Botulinum toxin type A is a potent neuromuscular paralyzing agent used in various disorders including cervical dystonia. Two preparations of botulinum toxin are now commercially available ( Dysport and Botox), but much controversy remains about their respective potencies. The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of Botox with two different ratios of Dysport. METHODS A doubl...