Antifungal resistance in humans, animals, and the environment is an emerging problem. Among different fungal species that can develop resistance, Candida tropicalis ubiquitous causes infections animals humans. In Asia some Latin American countries, C. among most common related to candidemia, mortality rates are usually above 40%. Fluconazole especially reported Asian countries clonal spread hum...

Antifungal agents have greatly contributed to the improvement of public health. Nevertheless, antifungal resistant pathogens have increased during the past decade, becoming a serious concern. Candida albicans has been the most extensively studied pathogen in antifungal resistance because of their morbidity and mortality associated with infections in immunocompromised patients. This review descr...

Ten Candida species strains were isolated from the first known fatal case of rhinofacial and rhino–orbital–cerebral candidiasis. Among them, five parapsilosis complex during early stage hospitalization, while tropicalis in later stages disease. Using whole-genome sequencing, we distinguished C. as four metapsilosis one strain. Antifungal susceptibility testing showed that susceptible to all ant...

Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 (STAT1) Gain Function (GoF) mutations can predispose to chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC). Long term therapy with oral azole antifungals result in resistance the need treat alternatives such as echinocandins. A pan-azole-resistant Candida albicans was isolated from a mouth swab 39-year-old woman lifelong CMC. Her condition warranted syste...

Invasive fungal infections are an important infection concern for patients with underlying immunosuppression. Antifungal therapy is a critical component of patient care, but therapeutic choices are limited due to few drug classes. Antifungal resistance, especially among Candida species, aggravates the problem. The echinocandin drugs (micafungin, anidulafungin, and caspofungin) are the preferred...

Although transcriptome and proteome approaches have been applied to determine the regulatory circuitry behind multidrug resistance (MDR) in Candida, its lipidome remains poorly characterized. Lipids do acclimatize to the development of MDR in Candida, but exactly how the acclimatization is achieved is poorly understood. In the present study, we have used a high-throughput mass spectrometry-base...

Candida albicans, the most prevalent human fungal pathogen, is generally diploid. However, 50% of isolates that are resistant to fluconazole (FLC), the most widely used antifungal, are aneuploid and some aneuploidies can confer FLC resistance. To ask if FLC exposure causes or only selects for aneuploidy, we analyzed diploid strains during exposure to FLC using flow cytometry and epifluorescence...

The evolution of drug resistance in fungal pathogens compromises the efficacy of the limited number of antifungal drugs. Drug combinations have emerged as a powerful strategy to enhance antifungal efficacy and abrogate drug resistance, but the impact on the evolution of drug resistance remains largely unexplored. Targeting the molecular chaperone Hsp90 or its downstream effector, the protein ph...

The ABC transporter genes CDR1 and CDR2 can be upregulated in Candida albicans developing resistance to azoles or can be upregulated by exposing cells transiently to drugs such as fluphenazine. The cis-acting drug-responsive element (DRE) present in the promoters of both genes and necessary for their upregulation contains 5'-CGG-3' triplets that are often recognized by transcriptional activator...

Persistent or recurrent oropharyngeal candidosis (OPC) caused by Candida albicans is common in patients with AIDS. Fluconazole has been used widely to treat OPC, but several publications have described its failure in the treatment of patients with advanced AIDS, particularly when used over a long period of time. 3 The Subcommittee for Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of the National Committee ...