Over the past decade, standing-wave photoemission (SW-XPS) has evolved into a powerful and versatile non-destructive technique for probing element-specific electronic, magnetic, and structural properties of buried layers and interfaces with sub-nanometer depth resolution. In this article, I will discuss several promising future directions in this emergent field stemming from experimental and th...

Near-infrared scanning angle (SA) Raman spectroscopy was utilized to determine the interface location in bilayer films (a stack of two polymer layers) of polystyrene (PS) and polycarbonate (PC). Finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) calculations of the sum square electric field (SSEF) for films with total bilayer thicknesses of 1200-3600 nm were used to construct models for simultaneously measur...

The peat section at Niederweningen is a site of spectacular excavations of numerous bones of mammoth and other animals that was first recognized in the late 19th century. In 1987/1990, new excavations provided more peat material, which was radiocarbon dated to 33,000 C years BP and 42,000 C years BP. The first AMS radiocarbon ages of mammoth bones from 1890/1891 excavations placed the age betwe...

Modern semiconductor lasers include a complicated layered structures with quantum wells and insulated buried layers introduced by selective implantation with He or H ions. The strain and defects induced by implantation may disturb the action of the laser. In present studies the most important methods of characterization were white beam Bragg case section topography and recording of rocking curv...

Trace element, isotopic, and mineralogic studies indicate that the proposed impact at the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary occurred in an ocean basin, although a minor component of continental material is required. The size and abundance of shocked minerals and the restricted geographic occurrence of the ejecta layer and impact-wave deposits suggest an impact between the Americas. Coarse boun...

A particle velocity-strain, finite-difference (FD) method with a perfectly matched layer (PML) absorbing boundary condition is developed for the simulation of elastic wave propagation in multidimensional heterogeneous poroelastic media. Instead of the widely used second-order differential equations, a first-order hyperbolic leap-frog system is obtained from Biot's equations. To achieve a high a...

In this work we present a new polymeric thin film transistor (PTFT), fabrication process where standard photolithographic and dry etching techniques are used to place gate contact on the upper surface of the device, and to access in an easy and reliable way the buried bottom drain and source contacts from the upper surface of the device. This fabrication technique benefits of all the advantages...

Photoelectron emission microscopy ~PEEM! has been used to investigate simple device structures buried under ultrathin oxides. In particular, we have imaged Au–SiO2 and p-type Si–SiO2 structures and have demonstrated that PEEM is sensitive to these buried structures. Oxide overlayers ranging up to 15.3 nm were grown by systematically varying the exposure time of the structures to a plasma-enhanc...

We theoretically estimate the loss rate of buried ice from spherical bodies 2Y3.3 AU from the Sun. The loss rate is explored as a function of about a dozen parameters.We introduce the concept of a ‘‘buried snow line,’’ where the loss of ice is sufficiently slow over the age of the solar system. For a dusty surface layer, ice can persist within the top few meters of the surface over billions of ...

The use of reflected Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals for sensing the Earth has been growing rapidly in recent years. This technique is founded on the basic principle of detecting GNSS signals after they have been reflected off the Earth's surface and using them to determine the properties of the reflecting surface remotely. This is the so-called GNSS reflectometry (GNSS-R) tec...