Most processes used in the pharmaceutical industry are, by necessity, carried out in organic solvents. In many cases these solvents are volatile and sufficiently water-soluble to contaminate air emission and aqueous discharge streams, adding to the environmental burden and the cost of downstream processing and recovery operations. One example is the use of tetrahydrofuran (THF) as the solvent f...

Ionic liquids are salts in a liquid state, combinations of cations and anions that are liquid at temperatures below 100 oC. Thus, they have been called Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids (RTILs, or just ILs) in order to differentiate them from traditional salts, which melt at much higher temperatures and receive the name of “molten salts”. In contrast to conventional or‐ ganic solvents, ILs usually...

Sommary-_The polarographic reduction of hydrogen ion, furnished by dissociation of a Brransted acid or present in the undissociated Brsnsted acid, is reviewed for the situation where a solvent other than water is involved. INTRODUCTION THE electrochemical reduction of hydrogen ion in aqueous solution has long been a major problem in electrochemistry, as indicated by the voluminous literature on...

Water-miscible organic co-solvents can be used in DNA-based catalytic asymmetric reactions at appreciable concentration without a negative effect on enantioselectivity. While the rate of the copper(II) Diels-Alder reaction is affected negatively by the presence of organic co-solvents, the copper(II) catalyzed Michael addition and Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction are significantly faster. Addi...

Solvent extraction system is one of the effective techniques used for separation of metal cations from aqueous solutions [1-8]. It is a suitable method for preventing and protecting environment from pollution. The extraction of copper(II) using carboxylic acids has been a subject of much work research [9-13]. Lauric acid was employed as an extractant for the separation of numerous cations, the ...

Solvent extraction system is one of the effective techniques used for separation of metal cations from aqueous solutions [1-8]. It is a suitable method for preventing and protecting environment from pollution. The extraction of copper(II) using carboxylic acids has been a subject of much work research [9-13]. Lauric acid was employed as an extractant for the separation of numerous cations, the ...

At 25.0 °C the specific rates of solvolysis for allyl and vinyl chloroformates have been determined in a wide mix of pure and aqueous organic mixtures. In all the solvents studied, vinyl chloroformate was found to react significantly faster than allyl chloroformate. Multiple correlation analyses of these rates are completed using the extended (two-term) Grunwald-Winstein equation with incorpora...

Two new macrocyclic hydrazone Schiff bases were synthesized by reaction of succindihydrazide and adipdihydrazide with acetylacetone. Hydrazones have been characterized by elemental analyses and IR, mass, (1)H NMR, and (13)C NMR spectral data. Hydrazones have been studied by liquid-liquid extraction towards the s-metal ions (Li(+), Na(+), and K(+)) and d-metal ions (Cu(2+) and Cr(3+)) from aqueo...

We compare the fluorescence properties of bisbenzimide (also known as Hoechst 33258) bound to the minor groove of the poly[d(AT)].poly[d(AT)] duplex with the corresponding fluorescence properties of bisbenzimide dissolved in neat organic solvents and mixed organic/aqueous solvents. Based on these comparisons, we conclude that the minor groove of the bisbenzimide-poly[d(AT)].poly[d(AT)] complex ...

ncreasing regulation of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) solvents, together with manufacturing cost reduction potential, has led many electronics companies to consider alternative methods for cleaning SMT boards. Many alternatives are available, from solvents with low ozone-depletion potential to no-cleaning processes. Each substitute claims to have advantages.’ Early in Alcatel Telettra’s (Vimercate, ...