A common perspective in macro-finance analyses links firms’ borrowing constraints to the liquidation value of physical assets firms pledge as collateral. We empirically investigate borrowing by non-financial firms in the US. We find that 20% of corporate debt by value is collateralized by specific physical assets (“asset-based lending” in creditor parlance), while 80% is based predominantly on ...

In the context of a simple model of public good provision, we study the requirement on an allocation rule that it be immune to manipulation by augmenting one’s endowment through borrowing from the outside world. We call it open-economy borrowing-proofness (Thomson, 2009). We ask whether the Lindahl rule satisfies the property. The answer is yes on both the domain of quasi-linear economies and o...

arabic language has etperienced many threats from the very time of the advent of islam up to now. these threats are doubled in the modern time. among these threats we can refer to the we of colloquialism or writing in latin alphabets forwhich somer have reactrd positively. specially in chatting. the output of this process haslead to creation of a language called .the language of chat. microsaft...

Equity culture has spread among households on both sides of the Atlantic. We study likely effects of equity culture on the behavior of households entering the stock market. Without borrowing constraints, the improved prospects arising from the equity premium tend to dominate the increase in riskiness of future income streams. This encourages entrants to increase consumption, borrowing, and prec...

Statistical machine translation for dialectal Arabic is characterized by a lack of data since data acquisition involves the transcription and translation of spoken language. In this study we develop techniques for extracting parallel data for one particular dialect of Arabic (Iraqi Arabic) from out-ofdomain corpora in different dialects of Arabic or in Modern Standard Arabic. We compare two dif...

Ahmed Saadawi’s third and last novel Frankenstein in Baghdad was originally published in Arabic in 2013 and has since been translated into several languages, including an English translation by Jonathan Wright in 2018. The novel, which won the 2014 International Prize for Arabic Fiction, is a heart-rending story of a country blighted by an unending cycle of war, violence, and misery. Saadawi’s ...

Developments in Arabic information retrieval did not follow the increasing use of the Arabic Web during the last decade. Semantic indexing in a language with high inflectional morphology, such as Arabic, is not a trivial task and requires a text analysis in the original language. Excepting cross-language retrieval methods or limited studies, the main efforts, for developing semantic analysis me...