It is conventionally thought impermissible to force treatment on a patient, even when his life is at stake. Following Kant or Mill, we may defend this convention either by appealing to the inviolability of autonomy, or to the benefits of treating liberty as inviolable, subject only to considerations of harm to others. In both cases, an exception might be made for mental illness. For Kant, auton...

about the bases of validity of “expert’s advise” existing of “tradition of learned” upen reference to “experts” has not been doubted and it has been accepted that this tradition has been confirmed with the legislator of islam. however, some of jurists have emphasized upen concluding “confidence” frome the experts advise. others have belived the expert’s advise as a kind of witness, so they thou...

among the traditions concerning the signs of wisdom, there is a tradition related from imam al-ṣādiq (a.s.) introducing the person wearing a long beard, the signet of his ring, and his nickname, as indications of his lack of wisdom. while examining the sanad and text of this tradition, the article seeks to find out the real source of this saying and the various possibilities about the source an...

Numerical predictions are of central interest for both coherence-based approaches to judgment and decisions — the Heuristic and Biases (HB) program in particular — and to correspondence-based approaches — Social Judgment Theory (SJT). In this paper I examine the way these two approaches study numerical predictions by reviewing papers that use Cue Probability Learning (CPL), the central experime...

In [6], Walter Philipp wrote that “. . . the law of the iterated logarithm holds for any process for which the Borel-Cantelli Lemma, the central limit theorem with a reasonably good remainder and a certain maximal inequality are valid.” Many authors [1, 2, 4, 5, 9] have followed this plan in proving the law of the iterated logarithm for sequences (or fields) of dependent random variables. We ca...

This paper presents a novel proof-theoretic account of dialogue coherence. It focuses on an abstract class of cooperative information-oriented dialogues and describes how their structure can be accounted for in terms of a multi-agent hybrid inference system that combines natural deduction with information transfer and observation. We show how certain dialogue structures arise out of the interpl...

The Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) is a widely used instrument in measuring gender role perception s. Recent concerns regardin g the validity of the adjectives have arisen as changes in the roles of men and wom en have occurred in American society since the 1970’s. A partial replication of the method that Bem (1974) used to validate the masculine and feminine adjectives comprising the instrument...

This paper presents a novel proof-theoretic account of dialogue coherence. It focuses on cooperative information-oriented dialogues and describes how the structure of such dialogues can be accounted for in terms of a multi-agent hybrid inference system that mixes natural deduction with information transfer and observation. We show how the structure of dialogue arises out of the interplay betwee...

Our framework combines features of two distinguished traditions in economics: a public finance tradition and a more recent tradition of business cycle theory. The public finance tradition we follow stems from Ramsey (1927), who considers the problem of choosing an optimal tax structure when only distorting taxes are available. The business cycle tradition we follow stems from Kydland and Presco...