We consider the problem of the optimal route selection in the presence of Rician fading channel. The variation in the signal strength due to fading is an overlooked fact in the wireless sensor networks. The conventional route selection strategies neglect the effect of fading and provide the low throughput routes for the data transmission. We consider the underlying dynamics of the wireless comm...

Human infections with Nipah virus in Malaysia and Bangladesh are associated with markedly different patterns of transmission and pathogenicity. To compare the 2 strains, we conducted an in vivo study in which 2 groups of ferrets were oronasally exposed to either the Malaysia or Bangladesh strain of Nipah virus. Viral shedding and tissue tropism were compared between the 2 groups. Over the cours...

Opportunistic invasive fungal infections, in particular due to Aspergillus fumigatus, are an increasing problem in hospitalized, immunocompromised patients [1-3]. Patients at risk are those with hematologic malignancies [4,5], bone marrow or solid organ transplant recipients [6,7], patients with chronic granulomatous disease [8] and AIDS patients [9]. These patient groups have in common severe ...

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is believed to be transmitted by the fecal-oral route in pigs. To date, in experiments, HEV has been transmitted successfully only by the intravenous or intrahepatic route. To assess the route of HEV transmission, 27 pigs were separated into nine groups of three pigs. Positive-control pigs were inoculated intravenously with swine HEV and served as the source of HEV for t...

Motivated by the desire to assess nonpharmaceutical interventions for pandemic influenza, we seek in this study to quantify the routes of transmission for this disease. We construct a mathematical model of aerosol (i.e., droplet-nuclei) and contact transmission of influenza within a household containing one infected. An analysis of this model in conjunction with influenza and rhinovirus data su...

For centuries, tuberculosis has been identified as a burden to seafarers. In this study, we assessed the magnitude of tuberculosis among merchant seafarers today. Furthermore, we identified the most likely routes of M. tuberculosis transmission by the use of DNA fingerprinting. A database containing all culture-positive tuberculosis cases in Denmark in 1992-2003 was combined with a register on ...

As nuclear families have become increasingly less stable over the past quarter century, married couples have been faced with the difficult task of negotiating the terms by which marriage is ended. For parents, divorce involves questions revolving around the care and sustenance of children. In this paper we investigate whether observed divorce settlements indicate that parents make trade-offs in...

This Essay proceeds in four steps. Part I summarizes the quantitative evidence on the pattern of escalation and outcomes of more than 600 GATT/WTO disputes from 1948 through 1999. Part II elaborates on our theory of settlement bargaining within the context of an institution lacking enforcement power and shows how the hypotheses are consistent with the evidence introduced earlier. Part III discu...

We present a detailed ns-2 [1] based simulation analysis on four of the prominent mobile ad hoc network routing protocols: Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol [2], Associativity-Based Routing (ABR) protocol [3], FlowOriented Routing Protocol (FORP) [4] and the Routelifetime Assessment Based Routing (RABR) protocol [5]. The simulations were conducted with and without transmission power control...