The establishment of the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards in 1987 and the Interstate New Teachers Assessment and Support Consortium (IN-TASC) in 1992 called for the development of performance-based assessment for teacher certification. This paralleled the development of curriculum standards and standardized achievement testing in K-12 educational settings. It has been our expe...

2. Definitions Due to differences on terminology usage in the literature the terms modality, medium and representation need to be defined. In a communication act, such as learning in a classroom, modality refers to the sensory or perceptual experience (e.g. visual, tactile, etc.) and is closely related to the individual. Medium is a means of conveying a representation (to a human), e.g. a diagr...

This study examined the teacher education of novice teachers of English to speakers of other languages (ESOL). A survey and followup interviews were employed to investigate novice teachers’ perceptions about four aspects of their teacher preparation: (a) degree of preparedness to teach after graduating from a teaching English to speakers of other languages (TESOL) program, (b) preparedness afte...