Almost 20 years after the original conception, we revisit several fundamental questions about modal transition systems. First, we demonstrate the incompleteness of the standard modal refinement using a counterexample due to Hüttel. Deciding any refinement, complete with respect to the standard notions of implementation, is shown to be computationally hard (co-NP hard). Second, we consider four ...

Multi-modal program synthesis refers to the task of synthesizing programs (code) from their specification given in different forms, such as a combination natural language and examples. Examples provide precise but incomplete specification, provides an ambiguous more "complete" description. Machine-learned pre-trained models (PTMs) are adept at handling language, struggle with generating syntact...

Inspired by Hintikka’s treatment of question embedding verbs in [8] and the variations of noncontingency operator, we propose a logic with strong noncontingency operator N as the only primitive modality. A proposition is strongly noncontingent, if no matter whether it is true or false, it does it necessarily; otherwise, it is weakly contingent. This logic is not a normal modal logic, since N(φ ...

Epistemic modality, a linguistic category, particularly deals with the interactive dimensions of various discourses. modality in broad terms can be defined as any modal system that indicates degree assurance what speaker says. The present study identifies and analyzes epistemic verbs EMVs dissertations linguistics literature. For this purpose, two sub-corpora Ph.D. from fields literature were c...

The modal testing has proven to be an effective and non-destructive test method for estimation of the dynamic stiffness and damping constant. The aim of the present paper is to investigate the modal response of stiffened Fiber Metal Laminated (FML) circular cylindrical shells using experimental and numerical techniques. For this purpose, three types of FML-stiffened shells are fabricated by a s...

a growing number of recent studies on verbal meaning have demonstrated that positing a direct mapping between (lexical/logical) semantics and syntax with respect to event structure can account for numerous linguistic phenomena. in this article, we demonstrate that certain facts in persian can only be explained by decomposing verbs into smaller syntactic pieces that reflect subparts of a complex...

S u m m a r y Tim paper demonstrates tim problem of translating modal verbs and phrases and shows how some of these problems can be overcome by choosing semantic representations which look like representations of passive verbs. These semantic representations suit alternative ways of expressing modality by e.g. passive constructions, adverbs and impersonal constructions in the target language. V...

On the semantic level, epistemic modal operators encode modal force (necessity or possibility) and get interpreted against a conversational background which is a function from possible worlds into sets of propositions. In the case of epistemic modality, the conversational background is given by the speaker’s beliefs or the available evidence. Necessity in a given world encodes truth in all alte...

This paper introduces Exclusion Logic a simple modal logic without negation or disjunction. We show that this logic has an efficient decision procedure. We describe how Exclusion Logic can be used as a deontic logic. We compare this deontic logic with Standard Deontic Logic and with more syntactically restricted logics.