the purpose of this article is to focus on an important issue in the field of public policy, i.e.: the role of consultants in the process of public policy and decision making. in this article, it is historically shown that this role was confirmed and applied in ancient civilizations such as iranian, greek and islamic civilizations. the systematic role of consultants is, then, emphasized in mode...

to complete “the use theory of meaning”, paul horwich put forward a new thesis upon which some usages of a word have explanatory role and justify the overall use-regularities of that word. these specific usages have a basic acceptance property which makes them believable in user’s belief system and, like a semantic axiom, make other usages justified. but, there are still some usages that cannot...

A mathematical model of a within-host viral infection is presented. A local stability analysis of the model is conducted in two ways. At first, the basic reproduction number of the system is calculated. It is shown that when the reproduction number falls below unity, the disease free equilibrium (DFE) is globally asymptotically stable, and when it exceeds unity, the DFE is unstable and there ex...

The impact of the management performance evaluation methods on the information quality in accounting will be studied in this paper. The information plays two roles in the market-oriented economies; first, it allows the investors to evaluate the potential opportunities of the investment (prospective role) and, secondly, it enables the investors to monitor how to allocate and use their capital by...

This paper presents an alternative method using artificial neural network (ANN) to develop a scheduling scheme which is used to determine the makespan or cycle time of a group of jobs going through a series of stages or workstations. The common conventional method uses mathematical programming techniques and presented in Gantt charts forms. The contribution of this paper is in three fold. First...

mulla sadra uses his own principles in the debate over unity, multiplicity and graded unity of being to develop a profound interpretation from the noble tradition “there is no compulsion and volition but something in between”. this approach is formed via exposing the meaning of hierarchy in sadra’s theosophy, human deeds are attributed both to the individual himself and the divine will. his bre...

public law is a branch of legal sciences whose principal mission is to shed light on the one hand, the rules dominating the reports of internal government, and secondly, the relationship between rulers and governed, and that supranational relations. public law, like other scientific disciplines, contains a number of concepts and rules whose main knowledge is needed to better understand the issu...

today, the discussion of regularity monetary policy in achieving inflation and output gap stabilization is important. in this paper, we investigated the persistence of the output gap in iran economy and then by using a hybrid new keynesian model based on quarterly data for 1990:1- 2011:3. we compared three alternative instrumental rules in monetary policy for iran economy. the results indicated...

the normativity of mental content thesis appears to have been the most influential in contemporary philosophy of mind. paul boghossian (2003, 2005) has developed an argument for the normativity of mental content on the basis of two premises, i.e. firstly, the normativity of the notion of belief and secondly, the priority of the notion of belief to the notion of desire. in his recent article ale...

terence irwin argues that aquinas answered a question that aristotle had raised but had not answered. the question is if there is any relation between intellectual virtues and moral virtues. the answer is yes, moral virtues direct intellectual virtues to attain the final end. moral virtues show in what areas one should think, how much other things should be attended to, and how much one should ...