This is the fourth round in my interchange with Barbara Held about the nature and role of objectivity and causality as they relate to the rationale for scientific and scholarly legitimacy of case study knowledge. Throughout, I have found Held’s critical responses to my views collegially delivered and very helpful in stimulating me to clarify and expand upon my own thinking. In this fourth and f...

To determine if use of the five final assessment categories of the American College of Radiology's Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) improved objectivity or accuracy of mammographic evaluation in 40- to 49-year-old women, fifty mammograms of 40- to 49-year-old women that were obtained at a tertiary referral teaching hospital were classified according to those five final assessm...

In response to Objectivity, by Lorraine Daston and Peter Galison, this essay argues that that idealized depiction of creatures and plants persists powerfully into the contemporary period, often bypassing the more mechanical, selfabnegating ideals of other sciences. Lorraine Daston has written frequently on the relationship between art and science, most notably in two influential books. In Wonde...

Conscious experiences are supposed by many to be subjective in the sense of being perspectival or from a point-of-view (see, for example Nagel 1974, 1986 and Tye 1995). Allegedly, the subjectivity of consciousness is beyond the grasp of science, which is objective (Nagel 1986). If you wanted a scientific understanding of consciousness, how would you solve the problem of subjectivity? One strate...

A systematic and effective welfare system for people with digestive system impairments is required. In Korea, an objective and scientific rating guideline does not exist to judge the digestive system impairments. Whether the impairments exist or not and the degree of it need to be examined. Thus, with these considerations we need a scientific rating guideline for digestive system impairments to...

Frege, and others who followed him, stressed the role of fallibility as a means to defining ‘objectivity.’ By defining objective judgments as fallible, these philosophers contributed to the consolidation of a theory of objectivity which suggested interpreting epistemological, as well as other judgements, as being objective. An important philosophical implication of this theory lies in its discl...

Most non-robust-realist metaethical theories, such as expressivism, constructivism, and non-robust forms of realism, claim to retain a sense objectivity in ethics. A persistent issue for these theories is identify an objective criterion moral truth that meets their objectivist aspiration. Objectivist aspirations are often probed by confronting non-realists with abject normative positions, those...

We disagree with the assertion that recent human-caused invasions differ substantially from historic natural invasions in their magnitudes and impacts on ecological processes. The position that exotic species are inherently ‘bad’ and should be eradicated is an ethical judgement, usually based on the naturalist fallacy or xenophobic prejudice; it is not a scientific judgement. The role of scient...