This survey serves as the eighth in a series of toxicology salary surveys conducted at 3-year intervals and beginning in 1988. An electronic survey instrument was distributed to 5800 individuals including members of the Society of Toxicology, American College of Toxicology, and 23 additional professional organizations. Question items inquired about gender, age, degree, years of experience, cert...

Using data from a survey of the Irish academic labour market, this paper examines whether or not females in the Irish academic system are paid less than comparable males. Variables which adjust for comparability include academic discipline, qualifications, research output, teaching and adminis­ trative experience, and career-breaks. The results, which support the findings of similar studies bas...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to consider how the level and structure of teacher salaries affect student outcomes and the possibility of improving student achievement in the USA. Design/methodology/approach – The analysis integrates an underlying economic model of the role of salaries in the teacher labor market with existing empirical results. Findings – Much of the current policy dis...

Introduction: Job stress is one of the main characteristics of modern life which is increasing and has been recognized as an important risk factor of cardiovascular diseases. The present study was conducted to determine the association between job stress at work environment and cardiovascular diseases. Materials and methods: A number of 300 persons including 150 cases and 150 controls were con...

BACKGROUND In an integrated method of education, medical students are introduced to radiology in their preclinical years. However, no study has been conducted in Pakistan to demonstrate an academic framework of medical radiology education at an undergraduate level. Therefore, we aimed to document and compare the current level of teaching duties, teaching methodologies, and teaching rewards amon...

We present simulation results for the likely pension outcomes (measured in terms of the distribution of the pension ratio of actual pension to some fraction of final salary) for different defined contribution pension plan members distinguished by occupation and gender. Whilst our results suggest that key differences between outcomes depend on the strategic asset allocation strategy chosen (and ...

We examined the influence of three reference points (minimum requirements [MR], the status quo [SQ], and goal [G]) proposed by the tri-reference point (TRP) theory on fairness and satisfaction perceptions of pay in three laboratory experiments. To test the effects, we manipulated these three reference points both implicitly (Experiment 1) and explicitly (Experiments 2 and 3). We also provided t...

OBJECTIVE To determine the economic burden of salary costs lost due to injury in the National Hockey League (NHL). METHODS All NHL players who engaged in at least one regular season game during the 2009-2010 to 2011-2012 seasons comprised the study population. We performed a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of publically available media sources to collect injury and salary data. Outcome...