There is a growing interest, notably in development economics, in extending project evaluation methods to the evaluation of multiple interventions (“programs”). In program evaluations one is interested in the aggregate impact of a program rather than the effect on individual beneficiaries. In many situations randomized controlled trials cannot identify this impact. We propose a measure of progr...

We present a formal framework for repairing infinite-state, imperative, sequential programs, with (possibly recursive) procedures and multiple assertions; the framework can generate repaired programs by modifying the original erroneous program in multiple program locations, and can ensure the readability of the repaired program using user-defined expression templates; the framework also generat...

abstract: on december 2010, the government of iran ended the decades-long subsidy program for bread and energy products and launched the targeted subsidy reform program that considerably raised prices of food products. the objective of the study was to measure welfare impacts of food price changes on iranian urban households between two survey data of 2009/10 and 2011/12 which were taken from i...

BACKGROUND The use of contraception is one of the most cost-effective public health interventions and has the potential to prevent about 30% of maternal and 10% of child deaths in developing countries. Voucher-based initiatives for family planning are an effective and viable means of increasing contraceptive use. In this paper, we present a protocol for a pilot study of a novel incentive, a fam...

During the 1970s and 1980s, a new approach to the integration of acute and long-term care (LTC) services was conceived and refined at On Lok, an organization in the Chinese community of San Francisco. Since then, On Lok and 10 Federal demonstration sites have tested this model which is today called the Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE). This program has gained considerable po...

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) developed and implemented the Acid Rain Program (ARP), and NO(x) Budget Trading Programs (NBTP) using several fundamental monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) elements: (1) compliance assurance through incentives and automatic penalties; (2) strong quality assurance (QA); (3) collaborative approach with a petition process; (4) standardized...

Reliability of today’s software systems hinges on developers writing test cases that exercise as much of a program as possible. Writing and running such tests is inevitably subject to a time budget. This paper addresses the question of how to maximize quality of testing, given such a fixed time budget. We define a program-path scoring metric along with a way to measure a software component’s re...

A multi-phase program of model intercomparison is proposed to reduce uncertainties in the global carbon budget resulting from differences among atmospheric tracer transport simulations. The TransCom program is already well underway, having begun in 1993 and completed two major experiments. The results to date are summarized in a Technical Report and indicate that significant differences among t...

The Indiana Tobacco Prevention and Cessation Agency (ITPC) was created in 2000 to address high tobacco use rates. This independent state agency, using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs, administered a comprehensive program that supported community health coalitions and evidence-based public policy changes. From 2000 to 201...