On 17 March 1813 King Frederick William III of Prussia issued his appeal “to my people.” It was a call to arms for the struggle against Napoleon, a war of liberation, “...It is the final, decisive struggle that we must endure, for the sake of our existence, our independence, our fortune. There is no way out except an honorable peace, or glorious defeat.” The proclamation appeared in the newspap...

W e get terribly excited about the issue of drugs in sport. The fear of anabolic agents or stimulants producing superhuman performance has dominated Olympic and professional team sports for many years. It seems however that doping has been present virtually since competitive sports began, with apocryphal stories of various potions being used in ancient times just as pharmacological agents are u...

Karl Mannheim’s orientations to time can be plotted between subjectivist and objectivist extremes. The latter corresponds to social engineering, while the former offers the context in which Mannheim uses Hobbes’s primaeval war to imagine the chaotic struggle over time that he hopes to escape. Mannheim’s distinctive achievement is ‘dynamic sociology’, an experimental approach marked by the recog...

Wars are increasingly frequent, and the trend has been steadily upward since 1870. The main tradition of Western political and philosophical thought suggests that extensive economic globalization and democratization over this period should have reduced appetites for war far below their current level. This view is clearly incomplete: at best, confounding factors are at work. Trade and democracy ...

Asymmetries in the abilities of contestants that engage in a protracted competition appear to be more common than symmetric competitions. Why doesn’t the weaker player concede immediately? This paper introduces a model based on the idea that a “war” can only be won by winning a series of battles. There are two kinds of stationary equilibria, one with fighting to completion, the other with a ces...

SUMMARY After a short reference to Iran-Iraq war as a motivating factor for the present study, the issues of battle stress and psychological wounds of war ar discuused. Reactions of the world armies 10 psychological breakdown of soldiers, military psychotherapy, therapy in combat zone and its developmental process through Civil war, Crimean war, first and Second world wars, Korean and Vietnam ...