Nicola De Maio, Chieh-Hsi Wu, Kathleen M O’Reilly, Daniel Wilson 1 Institute for Emerging Infections, Oxford Martin School, Oxford, United Kingdom 2 Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom 3 MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom 4 Wellcome Trust Centre fo...

The Neotropics harbour some of the most species-rich forests in the world, and understanding their biogeographical history has major implications for debates about the origins of tropical diversity (Hoorn et al., 2010; Rull, 2011), for the success of conservation efforts (Faith et al., 2010), and for predicting responses to climate change (Willis et al., 2010). A variety of factors, acting on d...

Homo sapiens phylogeography begins with the species' origin nearly 200 kya in Africa. First signs of the species outside Africa (in Arabia) are from 125 kya. Earliest dates elsewhere are now 100 kya in China, 45 kya in Australia and southern Europe (maybe even 60 kya in Australia), 32 kya in northeast Siberia, and maybe 20 kya in the Americas. Humans reached arctic regions and oceanic islands l...