The Monte Carlo (MC) method has been widely used to solve radiative transfer problems due to its flexibility and simplicity in simulating the energy transport process in arbitrary geometries with complex boundary conditions. However, the major drawback of the conventional (or forward) Monte Carlo method is the long computational time for converged solution. Reverse or backward Monte Carlo (RMC)...

The radiation element method by ray emission method, REM , has been formulated to predict radiative heat transfer in three-dimensional arbitrary participating media with nongray and anisotropically scattering properties surrounded by opaque surfaces. To validate the method, benchmark comparisons were conducted against the existing several radiation methods in a rectangular three-dimensional med...

Background: Emergency medicine has always been a leader in taming new technologies for medical education. Many forms of social media have been reported in medical education with very little quality evidence to clarify their role. In this study we look at a popular multimedia messaging application in our setting and the aim was to evaluate the effects of a virtual classroom in social media platf...

This case study evaluates the use of a Restrictive aide and the complementary use of parental mediation techniques to reduce media viewing among children. A family was provided a TV Token Timer, which involved a positive reward in exchange for participating in activities outside of watching television. Media viewing habits decreased from the baseline to the completion of the intervention at wee...

A secondary optimization technique was proposed to estimate the temperature-dependent thermal conductivity and absorption coefficient. In the proposed method, the stochastic particle swarm optimization was applied to solve the inverse problem. The coupled radiation and conduction problem was solved in a 1D absorbing, emitting, but non-scattering slab exposed to a pulse laser. It is found that i...

For engineering of photocatalytic or photosynthetic reaction systems, local reaction rates need to be known, which depend directly on the spatial distribution of light intensity [1,2]. Usually, in such systems fluids are present and light propagation depends on their local optical properties, which again are affected by transport of scattering, absorbing or emitting substances in the fluid. The...

Based on a survey of participants in Egypt’s Tahrir Square protests, we demonstrate that social media in general, and Facebook in particular, provided new sources of information the regime could not easily control and were crucial in shaping how citizens made individual decisions about participating in protests, the logistics of protest, and the likelihood of success. We demonstrate that people...

Video distribution over the Internet has become a popular service because of technological advances in internet (e.g., higher network bandwidth) and video coding (e.g., H.264/SVC). In this and other similar media distribution applications, a server or distribution center sends a media/video to a group peers with different bandwidth resources and display capacities. In one of the approaches, the...

This paper examines how the expansion of online social media affects offline civic and political mobilization. Based on individual web survey data on participation in demonstrations and on social media use in Norway, we ask whether social media transform individual level and structural level conditions for mobilization. Our results show that social media impacts on individual agency in relation...

Candy advertising illustrates limitations of the Children's Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative (CFBAI) self-regulatory program to improve food marketing to children. Participating companies pledge to not advertise candy in child-directed media. Yet independent analyses show that children viewed 65% more candy ads on U.S. television in 2011 than in 2007, before CFBAI implementation. The pr...