the purpose of this research was to analyze efl writing tasks in the most popular esol (english for speakers of other languages) exam preparation courses in iran: ielts, toefl, fce and cae. having collected the criteria of writing task appropriateness in light of the process-oriented approach to writing instruction, 114 learner participants were asked to rate efl writing tasks based on a checkl...

Agent oriented software engineering (AOSE) is an emerging field in computer science  and  proposes some systematic ideas for multi agent systems analysis, implementation and maintenance. Despite the various methodologies introduced in the agent-oriented software engineering, the main challenges are defects in different aspects of methodologies. According to the defects resulted from weaknesses ...

The twentieth century can be considered the century of gender approaches. From extremist and one-sided movements to moderate and neutral schools of thought about gender, which have surrounded the last century and all of them had originated in achieving gender justice, but each has taken a different approach as a different definition of equity. The curriculum is no exception to this rule. The pu...

Intelligent text-oriented tools for representing and searching the biological research literature are being developed, which combine object-oriented databases with artificial intelligence techniques to create a richly structured knowledge base of Materials and Methods sections of biological research papers. A knowledge model of experimental processes, biological and chemical substances, and ana...

Intelligent text-oriented tools for representing and searching the biological research literature are being developed, which combine object-oriented databases with artificial intelligence techniques to create a richly structured knowledge based of Materials and Methods sections of biological research papers. A knowledge model of experimental processes, biological and chemical substances, and an...

This paper discusses the discrepancy between the stated aims of agent research with regard to agent applications, and the reality as found in many (general) agent conferences. After analysing this discrepancy by looking at the distribution of application papers at past AAMAS conferences, we analyse relevant stakeholders for agent application papers and provide suggestions for them. The aim of t...

Aspect-oriented programming is a paradigm in software engineering and FOAL logos courtesy of Luca Cardelli programming languages that promises better support for separation of concerns. The third Foundations of Aspect-Oriented Languages (FOAL) workshop was held at the Third International Conference on Aspect-Oriented Software Development in Lancaster, UK, on March 23, 2004. This workshop was de...

We have performed FTIR transmission microspectroscopy on graphene oxide papers oriented with the nominal lattice planes parallel to the infrared optical axis. By polarising the IR light for samples of this geometry, spectral contributions of oriented oxide species are isolated from broad convoluted bands. Analysing the data alongside previous works, including experiments where samples were pert...

Paper-like carbon nanotube (CNT) materials have many important applications such as in catalysts, in filtration, actuators, capacitor or battery electrodes, and so on. Up to now, the most popular way of preparing buckypapers has involved the procedures of dispersion and filtration of a suspension of CNTs. In this work, we present a simple and effective macroscopic manipulation of aligned CNT ar...