Organizational loafing is the phenomenon of a person exerting less effort to achieve a goal when they work in an organizational group than when they work alone.This phenomenon is a serious problem in today's organizations.The research seeks to explain factors affecting the phenomenon of organizational loafing. First, the elites’ opinion through Delphi technique about the indicators influencing ...

Purpose: The aim of the current research was to Predict Collective leadership of governor’s employers through organizational trust & professional ethic. Method: The method of this study was a descriptive and correlational study. Statistical society included all employees of Sistan and Baluchistan Governor who were 140 people. All the society members were considered as the sample of the st...

Examining the importance of categorization of actors (e.g., organizations, individuals, products) in the construction of identity, existing work in the organizational ecology tradition has generally focused on the present state of actors’ category memberships. Yet, recent work has started to emphasize actors’ membership histories in the construction of identity. With insights from this recent l...

Although the relationships between managerial practices and work-related outcomes are contingent on leadership behaviors, little scholarly attention has been paid to how styles shape impact of distributive justice goal clarity employees’ organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) in field management. In this context, study examines direct effects OCB based two motivation theories, equity theory ...

To address the limitations of the traditional performance measurement systems (PMSs) in visualizing risk and preventing excessive managerial risk-taking, a number of research studies proposed to extend the functionality of PMSs by incorporating risk measures and goals and thereby enabling a better view on organizational risk exposures. While researchers still continue to provide claims regardin...

1 We thank seminar participants at the University of Michigan, the Complexity conference in Aix-en-Provence, and the Conference in honor of Sumantra Ghoshal at London Business School for helpful comments and suggestions. Errors and omissions remain our own. Abstract This paper explores the trade-offs inherent in the pursuit and fulfillment of multiple performance goals in complex organizations....