kappa-Bungarotoxin, a kappa-neurotoxin derived from the venom of the banded Krait, Bungarus multicinctus, is a homodimeric protein composed of subunits of 66 amino acid residues containing five disulfide bonds. kappa-Bungarotoxin is a potent, selective, and slowly reversible antagonist of alpha3 beta2 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. kappa-Bungarotoxin is structurally related to the ...

Many active secretions produced by animals have been employed in the development of new drugs to treat diseases such as hypertension and cancer. Snake venom toxins contributed significantly to the treatment of many medical conditions. Venomous snakes have a bad reputation and rightly so because of their often deadly bites. But what makes a snake’s bite so deadly is the venom. Of the 3000 snake ...

Objective(s): The Botulism syndrome is caused by types A to G of botulinum neurotoxins. The binding domains of these neurotoxins are immunogenic and considered as appropriate candidate vaccines. Due to the low immunogenicity of recombinant vaccines, there have been many studies on the use of biocompatible carriers such as chitosan nanoparticles for the delivery of these vaccines. The aim of thi...

41 Four specimens of the olive sea snake, Aipysurus laevis, were collected off the 42 coast of Western Australia, and the venom proteome was characterized and 43 quantitatively estimated by RP-HPLC, SDS-PAGE, and MALDI-TOF-TOF analyses. A. 44 laevis venom is remarkably simple and consists of phospholipases A2 (71.2%), three45 finger toxins (3FTx; 25.3%), cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISP;...

For 50 years ago was introduced L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa) in Parkinson's disease treatment and during this significant advances has been done but what trigger the degeneration of the nigrostriatal system remain unknown. There is a general agreement in the scientific community that mitochondrial dysfunction, protein degradation dysfunction, alpha-synuclein aggregation to neurotoxic o...