background: considering the common origin of skin and peripheral nervous system, a tube of dermal layer of skin hypothetically can be an ideal conduit for nerve reconstruction. an experimental study performed to evaluate the nerve regeneration of efficacy into a dermal tube. methods: sixty male wistar rats were used. a 10 mm gap was produced in right sciatic nerves. in group a the autogenous ne...

Preheating local anesthetic agents used for retrobulbar and facial nerve injection greatly decreases patient discomfort.

Chemical warfare agents(CWA) such as nerve agents and vesicating show lethality by skin contamination. Skin protection, therefore, is one of the top priorities to deal with growing threat from CWA. In an attempt develop most effective topical protectant(TSP), candidate substances including PFPE(perfluorinated polyether), PTFE(polytetrafluoroethylene), glycerin, polysaccharides were evaluated in...

Organophosphorus compounds are a wide-spread group of agents which can be used among others as pesticides, especially insecticides, or chemical warfare agents. These extremely toxic compounds irreversibly inhibit the enzymes of hydrolases class, which have the catalytic capability of hydrolyzing their specific neurotransmitters in synaptic clefts of the nervous system. The organophosphorus pest...

Organophosphorus nerve gases such as sarin, soman and VX act mainly by inhibiting cholinesterase at cholinergic synapses. The consequent accumulation of acetylcholine results in muscle twitching, glandular hypersecretion and cognitive and mood effects. High doses cause seizures and death from respiratory failure. Nerve agents affect both main types of cholinergic receptor—muscarinic and nicotin...

Clinical trials with cholinergic agents suggest that cholinergic hypertrophy may be beneficial in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent findings substantiate the view that nerve growth factor (NGF) selectively acts on cholinergic neurons. In adult rats and primates, intraventricular administration of nerve growth factor produces trophic actions on cholinergic neurons and prevents ag...

This article reviews the evidence supporting the efficacy of antidotes used or recommended for the potential chemical warfare agents of most concern. Chemical warfare agents considered include cyanide, vesicants, pulmonary irritants such as chlorine and phosgene, and nerve agents. The strength of evidence for most antidotes is weak, highlighting the need for additional research in this area.

Inflammation is portion of the body's immune response and it is basically a host protective response to tissue ischemia, injury, autoimmune responses or infectious agents. Although the information presented so far points to a detrimental role for inflammation in central nervous system (CNS) disease, it may also be useful. CNS demonstrates characteristic of inflammation, and in response to damag...

A combination of metabolic and vascular defects have been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. Animal studies have demonstrated that a reduction in nerve blood flow may be an important early defect and that vasodilators can prevent or ameliorate nerve dysfunction. The potential factors contributing to nerve ischaemia include structural defects in the endoneurial microvasculatu...