At the beginning of July 1675, John III Sobieski issued a proclamation regarding second call to arms for mass mobilization, which ordered nobility in Crown start preparations military campaign. The voivodeships from western and northern were obliged take measures only prospective expedition commoners (pospolitacy), was place after announcement about third (wici). In turn, men south-eastern gath...

The Iron Gates gorge system is formed by the convergence of Carpathians and Balkan mountain ranges that collide plunge directly into Danube River (Fig. 1). geographical conditions this region have created a frontier zone in different periods, historical context article deals specifically with period between 1429 c. 1435 when castle was placed under control contingent from Teutonic Order to help...

mortality in excess of 20 percent was expected and endured. Successive expeditions into the interior ended in disaster. In Laird's 1831 expedition up the Niger River, 40 of the 49 European expedition members died, most of them from "fevers." In a second expedition of 1841, 130 of 145 expedition members had been ill and 40 of these had died. It was noted that indigenous Africans serving on the e...

EARLY a decade ago, the late Dean C. Worcester encountered fragments of Asiatic ceramics in caves and burial grounds in several localities in the Visayan group of the Philippine Islands. Largely as a result of his recommendations the University of Michigan organized an expedition to conduct “anthropological explorations in the Philippine Islands.” The field work, which covered a period of three...