Abstract Many remains of the Muslim pilgrimage road from Cairo to Mecca, Darb al-Hajj al-Maṣri are preserved in Eilat region southern Israel. These include sections road, camps, and other associated structures. Most these date Mamluk Ottoman periods. In one camp (Netafim 2), an assemblage unusual objects was found, including fragmentary clay rattles, votive incense burners, anthropomorphic perh...

It is noted that architects need new and quick methods designing the historic architectural styles, as well as restoring the historical urban areas particularly the Islamic ones. These designs and restorations should adapt to the basics of the Islamic style used; general concept, module and features. Smart Geometry provides advanced design concepts and increases alternative variations. Parametr...

The role of natural disasters and environmental disruptions has received considerable attention among historians of various cultures and regions over the past twenty-five years. Beginning with J. D. F. Shrewsbury's A History of Bubonic Plague in the British Isles and William McNeill's Plagues and Peoples and continuing most recently with William Jordan's study, The Great Famine: Northern Europe...

Abstract In this article, we carry out an introductory study of a little-known text titled Siyar al-mulūk , written in the late seventh/thirteenth century by author named ʿUmar b. Dāwūd al-Fārisī, and dedicated to Ayyubid amīr Hama. There is only one known extant copy work, which belongs collection Topkapı Palace Library dates 727/1327. presents what he has written, confusingly, as “arabicizati...