BACKGROUND Since individual-level income is difficult to collect, investigators often rely on group-based measures derived from census data. No study has assessed the use of residential property values as an indicator of individual material circumstances. We aimed to compare two proxy indicators of material circumstances, one based on residential value and the other on median census tract incom...

BACKGROUND: The assumption that lifestyles formed early in life track into adulthood has been used to justify the targeting of health promotion programmes towards children and adolescents. The aim of the current study was to use data from the Northern Ireland Young Hearts Project to ascertain the extent of tracking, between adolescence and young adulthood, of physical activity, aerobic fitness,...

For many gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), hardness-intensity correlation (HIC) can be described by a power-law function, $E_{\rm p}\propto F^{\kappa}$, where p}$ is the peak energy of $\nu F_{\nu}$ spectrum, and $F$ instantaneous flux. In this paper, HIC non-dissipative photospheric emission from structured jet studied in different regimes. An intermediate photosphere, which contains both unsaturated s...

BACKGROUND European treatment guidelines of TaT1 urinary bladder urothelial carcinomas depend highly on stage and WHO1973-grade but grading reproducibility is wanting. The newer WHO2004 grading system is still debated and both systems are currently used. AIMS To compare reproducibility and prognostic value (of stage progression) of the WHO1973 and WHO2004. METHODS One hundred and ninety-thr...

background: atherosclerosis of the peripheral arteries occurs in 12% of individuals at 65 years of age or older. at least 28% of these patients suffer from coronary heart diseases and 10% of them are afflicted with cerebrovascular diseases. to calculate the agreement between two diagnostic tests for peripheral arterial disease (pad), namely ankle brachial index (abi) and ultrasound duplex scann...

The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical application effects of a novel computer-aided detection (CAD) system based on three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) images on pulmonary nodule. 98 cases with pulmonary nodule (PN) in our hospital from Jun, 2009 to Jun, 2013 were analysed in this study. All cases underwent PN detection both by the simple spiral CT scan and by the compute...