May 2006 | Volume 4 | Issue 5 | e167 Americans have long been ambivalent about science. Confl icting attitudes toward science are not uncommon among industrialized countries— Canadians, Europeans, and Japanese, for example, also appreciate the benefi ts of science but worry about potential impacts on society. What sets Americans apart is that their reservations center primarily around religion....

We used a new methodological approach to investigate whether top-down influences like expertise determine the extent of unconscious processing. This approach does not rely on preexisting differences between experts and novices, but instructs essentially the same task in a way that either addresses a domain of expertise or not. Participants either were instructed to perform a lexical decision ta...

Illiterates represent a significant proportion of the world’s population. Written language not only plays a role in mediating cognition, but also extends our knowledge of the world. Two major reasons for illiteracy can be distinguished, social (e.g., absence of schools), and personal (e.g., learning difficulties). Without written language, our knowledge of the external world is partially limite...

Brain computer interface (BCI) is a novel communication method that does not rely on the normal neural pathway between brain and muscle of human. It can transform mental activities into relevant commands to control external equipment establish direct pathway. Among different paradigms, steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) widely used due its certain periodicity stability control. Howeve...

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Less than 3% of the 145 million blind people living in developing countries are literate. This low literacy rate is in part due to the lack of trained teachers and the challenges associated with learning to write Braille on a traditional slate and stylus. These challenges include writing from right to left, writing mirrored images of letters, and receiving significantly delayed feedback. Extens...