Leptin mediates neuroendocrine responses to fasting and restores the starvation-induced changes of several hypothalamic neuropeptides. Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), a cytokine closely related to leptin, reduces food intake and reverses obesity, but its role in restoring the starvation-induced changes of hormones or hypothalamic neuropeptides remains largely unknown. To comparatively asses...

introduction: multiple sclerosis (ms) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae), is a chronic inflammatory diseases and degenerative myelin in the cns. with respect to being the main cause of this disease is unknown; the most common treatments for the disease (ms) with the aim of suppressing harmful inflammatory responses are used. neuro transmitters having immunosup...

BACKGROUND Based on its distribution in the brain, ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 3 (NTPDase3) may play a role in the hypothalamic regulation of homeostatic systems, including feeding, sleep-wake behavior and reproduction. To further characterize the morphological attributes of NTPDase3-immunoreactive (IR) hypothalamic structures in the rat brain, here we investigated: 1.) The ...

Post-embryonic acute developmental processes mainly allow the transition from one life stage in a specific ecological niche to next different niche. Metamorphosis, an emblematic type of these post-embryonic processes, has occurred repeatedly and independently various phylogenetic groups throughout metazoan evolution, such as cnidarian, insects, molluscs, tunicates, or vertebrates. This review w...

To cite: Grech R, Looby S, Thornton J, et al. BMJ Case Rep Published online: [please include Day Month Year] doi:10.1136/bcr-2012008273 DESCRIPTION A 9-year-old girl presented with an 8-month history of gelastic seizures and precocious puberty. Clinical evaluation including full neurological assessment was otherwise unremarkable. Endocrine tests were normal and there was no family or surgical h...

Hypothalamic hamartoma is a developmental malformation in the region of tuber cinereum and mamillary bodies. It presents the most commonly detectable lesion in patients with precocious puberty and is associated with gelastic seizures. As well as, it can be completely silent to be found only incidentally. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic rezonans (MR) imaging are preferred imaging modalitie...

Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), is a chronic inflammatory diseases and degenerative myelin in the CNS. With respect to being the main cause of this disease is unknown; the most common treatments for the disease (MS) with the aim of suppressing harmful inflammatory responses are used. Neuro transmitters having immunosup...

HAMMEL, H. T., D. C. JACKSON, J. A. J. STOLWIJK, J. D. HARDY, AND S. B. STR@MME. Temperature regulation by hypothalamic proportional control with an adjustable set point. J. Appl. Physiol. 18(6): 1146-1154. 1g63.-The role of the hypothalamic and skin temperatures in controlling the thermal response of a resting animal was studied by measurements of I) hypothalamic, rectal, ear skin, and trunk s...

Exposure to stressors such as footshock, tailshock, and immobilization have been shown to induce hypothalamic IL-1 production, while other stressors such as restraint, maternal separation, social isolation, and predator exposure have no effect on hypothalamic IL-1 levels. This disparity of findings has led to considerable controversy regarding the ability of stressors to induce hypothalamic IL-...