autoclave d dry gr ound beans and ethanol ext r acted g round beans which con t a i n t wo-thi r d of t he haemagglutinin , and one-quarter o f the t rypsin i nhibitors with 80% o f its origi nal t annin we re f ed t o rat s for determinati on the nitr ogen digestibi l i ty . the toxic f act or s of bea n s k i l led all the a nimals be fore t he complet ion o f t he 10- day per iod ass ay . fe...

It has been known since 1920 (Johns & Finks, 1920) that the navy bean is an inferior source of protein for rats. Everson & Heckert (1944) reported that raw navy beans were injurious to rats when given at a 10% protein level. They also reported that autoclaving the beans destroyed the injurious effect. Kakade & Evans (1963a, b) confirmed this report and observed that rats given 10% protein as ra...

OBJECTIVES The goal of this double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial was to assess the safety and immunogenicity of two different doses of a monovalent split-virion 2009 pandemic influenza A/H1N1 vaccine without adjuvant in Chinese infants aged 6-35 months. DESIGN AND SETTING  Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either a 2009 pandemic (H1N1) vaccine containing 7.5 or 15 μg hae...

A total of 39 Vibrio cholerae non O1 non O139 strains were isolated from surface waters of different parts of Dhaka City, Bangladesh. All these strains showed lack of ctx or zot gene, as demonstrated by the PCR analysis. Eighteen representative strains were tested for enterotoxin production using a rabbit ileal loop model, of which live cells of 8 strains and culture filtrates of 6 strains prod...

The within-host evolution of influenza is a vital component of its epidemiology. A question of particular interest is the role that selection plays in shaping the viral population over the course of a single infection. We here describe a method to measure selection acting upon the influenza virus within an individual host, based upon time-resolved genome sequence data from an infection. Analysi...

The emergence of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza has caused a heavy socio-economic burden through culling of poultry to minimise human and livestock infection. Although human infections with H5N1 have to date been limited, concerns for the pandemic potential of this zoonotic virus have been greatly intensified following experimental evidence of aerosol transmission of H5N1 viruses in a m...

Some parameters of the reactivation of ultravioletor chemically inactivated fowl plague virus by live A 2 viruses were examined. Clones of reactivated virus were obtained by two different techniques, either by isolation from plaques on chick embryo fibroblast cells or by terminal dilution in pieces of allantois-on-shell. Recombinants isolated from plaques were of one type, namely they contained...

Significant economic losses from deaths and decreased egg production have resulted from H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) infections in poultry across North Africa, the Middle East and Asia. The H9N2 LPAIVs have been endemic in Pakistani poultry since 1996, but no new viruses have been reported since 2010. Because novel genotypes of Pakistani H9N2 contain mammalian host-specific...

L-cells were fractionated at various times after infection with EMC virus and assayed for haemagglutinin, virus and phenol-extractable infective RNA. A second fraction of infective RNA was obtained by sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) extraction of the samples after phenol extraction. The infectivity of SDS-extracted RNA increased earlier than that of phenol-extracted RNA, but the maximum titre was...

Dr adhesins are expressed on the surface of uropathogenic and diffusely adherent strains of Escherichia coli. The major adhesin subunit (DraE/AfaE) of these organelles mediates attachment of the bacterium to the surface of the host cell and possibly intracellular invasion through its recognition of the complement regulator decay-accelerating factor (DAF) and/or members of the carcinoembryonic a...