BACKGROUND the European Court of Justice (ECJ) is considered by many to be the most important judicial institution of the European Union today. Despite the potential importance and relevance of the ECJ rulings to the lives and rights of older Europeans, no research has attempted to analyse or to study the ECJ rulings in this field. OBJECTIVE to describe the ECJ case-law in the field of elder ...

Recent events have revived questions about the circumstances that ought to trigger therapists' duty to warn or protect. There is extensive interstate variation in duty to warn or protect statutes enacted and rulings made in the wake of the California Tarasoff ruling. These duties may be codified in legislative statutes, established in common law through court rulings, or remain unspecified. Fur...

As pointed out by many observers, even if it has been very successful in promoting trade liberalization, the WTO remains a court with no bainli . How can this international institution achieve its goal if defendants can reject adverse rulings with impunity? Given the WTO's limited enforcement powers, are unilateral or multilateral coercion more e ective in inducing the target country to concede...

Since the official date of implementation of the Database Directive, namely 1 January 1998, 14 years have now already passed. During this decade and a half, French courts have handed down around 30 decisions on database protection. [2] Between 1998 and 2004, the year when the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) handed down its first four parallel rulings on the sui generis right, the ...

Assisted reproductive technology is widely practised around the world for the treatment of virtually all forms of infertility. The application of this technology in the Islamic world had been delayed for many years, based on the misconception that Islamic teachings do not approve assisted reproduction. The paper discusses derivation of Islamic rulings and its impact on the ethics of contemporar...

The Quran and the hadith of Prophet are two sources legislation for Muslims. Sharia rulings laws not only derived from but also bulk them come through hadith. Understanding hadith, its classification, verification authenticity is vital to reach detailed rulings, as volume many times greater than Quran. As a result, mining in text one things that has attracted attention researchers past few year...

Introduction. In 1999-2000, a Norwegian youth cracked a DVD-access code and published a decryption program on the Internet. He was sued by the US DVD Copy Control Association (DVD-CCA) and the Norwegian Motion Picture Association (MAP), allies of the US Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), arrested by Norwegian police and charged with data crime. Two Norwegian court rulings in 2003 una...

The U.S. Supreme Court has made a number of recent rulings in regard to the death penalty that will likely have the effec: sf increasing the use of psychiatry during the trial and sentencing process in capital cases. Any such changes are bound to increase the number of ethical dilemmas faced by psychiatrists involved in such work. The rulings affecting psychiatry include: (1) The Eighth Amendme...

This study intended to review the precedents on plastic surgery medical malpractice lawsuits in lower-court trials, classify the reasons of 'limitation of liability' by type, and suggest a standard in the acknowledgement of limitation of liability ratio. The 30 lower-court's rulings on the cases bearing the medical negligence of the defendants acknowledged the liability ratio of the defendants ...