BACKGROUND The court proceedings after the terrorist attacks on 22 July 2011 reignited the debate on the justification for having a rule that regulates the insanity defence exclusively on the basis of a medical condition – the medical principle. The psychological principle represents an alternative that requires a causal relationship between the psychosis and the acts committed. In this article...

philosophers view the advantage of human soul over animal soul in theoretical and practical intellect. however, there is disagreement among them in stating the quiddity of these two intellects. with a deliberation on their words, at least four interpretations can be implied from these two intellects. after reporting the statements and expressing the functions of practical intellect, the article...

Each ruling of a Legendrian link can be naturally treated as a surface. For knots, the ruling is 2–graded if and only if the surface is orientable. For 2–graded rulings of homogeneous (in particular, alternating) knots, we prove that the genus of this surface is at most the genus of the knot. While this is not true in general, we do prove that the canonical genus (a.k.a. diagram genus) of any k...

Archival documents are difficult to recognize because they are often damaged. Moreover, variations between documents are important even for documents having a priori the same structure. A recognition system to overcome these difficulties needs an external knowledge. Therefore we present a recognition system using an user description. To use table descriptions in analyzing the image, our system ...

the dynamism of the verity proposition has led to its being used in various issues and sciences as the founder for the general and constant principles. the principles of jurisprudence, as a science that is the founder for general rules to arrive at legal rulings, utilizes this proposition in many subdivisions of uṣūl (principles) as well as in resolving problems. in fact, if we do not take the ...

Are judicial rulings based solely on laws and facts? Legal formalism holds that judges apply legal reasons to the facts of a case in a rational, mechanical, and deliberative manner. In contrast, legal realists argue that the rational application of legal reasons does not sufficiently explain the decisions of judges and that psychological, political, and social factors influence judicial rulings...

the prophetic action and behavior as a part of tradition is regarded as a kind of evidence and legal plea. explanation of the concept and nature of the prophet’s (s.a.w.) action and the two sects’ analysis of this rational reasoning in the process of inference of legal ruling has an important status in islamic jurisprudence. given the existing views, there are two general approaches to the prop...