BACKGROUND The prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically. A direct comparison in the predisposition to obesity between males, premenopausal females, and postmenopausal females with various caloric intakes has not been made. To determine the effects of sex and ovarian hormones on the susceptibility to obesity, we conducted laboratory studies with mice. To eliminate confounders that can al...

In the present study, the regulation of the mRNA of 11 sulfotransferases (Sults) and two 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthase (PAPSs) isozymes by 15 microsomal enzyme inducers (MEI) in livers of male mice and five MEIs in livers of female mice was examined. These MEIs represent the transcriptionally mediated pathways: aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), pregnane X receptor (PXR), constit...

Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that positively regulates the expression and activity of cytoprotective genes during periods of oxidative stress. It has previously been shown that some Nrf2 genes are more highly expressed in livers of female than male mice. This could explain previously reported sex-related differences in susceptibility to acetaminop...

By the age of 80 yr, the skeletal muscles of men and women decrease in mass and maximum force by approximately 30%. Severe contraction-induced injury may contribute to these age-related declines. One to two months after a 225 lengthening contraction protocol (LCP), muscles of young/adult male mice recovered completely, whereas those of old male mice sustained deficits of approximately 15% in ma...

Abstract Sex is a significant contributor to the outcome of human infections. Males are frequently more susceptible viral, bacterial, and fungal infections, often attributed weaker immune responses. In contrast, heightened response in females enables better pathogen elimination but leaves predisposed autoimmune diseases. Unfortunately, underlying basis for sex-specific responses remains poorly ...

The human breast cancer (Br-10) serially transplanted to nude mice (BALB/c-nu/nu) grew well in female mice but very slowly or not at all in untreated male mice and female mice treated with 1 mg of testosterone i.m. twice a week. The growth in female mice was arrested by ovariectomy, and that in male mice was accelerated by 0.1 mg of estradiol i.m. once a week. Tumors in female and estrogenized ...

background: magnetized water has made many improvements in industry, agriculture and medicine. however its utilization in medicine still remains controversial. objective:  in this study we aimed to investigate the effects of magnetized water on height of epithelial cells in pre-implantation stage endometrium and fallopian tube and number of corpus lutea in female mice. materials and methods:  e...

background: radiation therapy is an effective method used for treatment of many types of cancers. however, this method can cause unwanted side effects such as bone marrow suppression. in this study, the effect of oral administration of biogenic selenium nanoparticles (senps) on total and differentiated white cells profile of balb/c mice exposed to x-ray radiation was investigated and compared w...

4,4'-Oxydianiline is used in the manufacture of high temperature resistant metal adhesives, molding and machine parts, and insulators. A bioassay of this chemical for possible carcinogenicity was conducted by feeding diets containing 200, 400, or 500 ppm of the test chemical to groups of 50 male or female F344 rats and 150, 300, or 800 ppm to groups of 50 male or female B6C3F1 mice for 104 week...