In this short note we show that the Bitcoin network can allow remote parties to gamble with their bitcoins by tossing a fair or biased coin, with no need for a trusted party, and without the possibility of extortion by dishonest parties who try to abort. The superfluousness of having a trusted party implies that there is no house edge, as is the case with centralized services that are supposed ...

As an emerging decentralized technology, peerto-peer architecture arises as a new model for distributed computing and transaction, consequently there is a need for a scheme to incorporate payment services in this environment to enable electronic payment via peer-to-peer systems. In this paper, a transferable token is proposed for peer-to-peer payment system, which can float from a peer to anoth...

In recent years, global tensions, geopolitical risks, political crises, regional conflicts, and wars have played an important role in the increase of defense expenditures countries. The economic effects increased spending become one frequently discussed topics. aim this study is to examine causal relationship between employment rates 18 NATO member To end, were analyzed using Kónya (2006) Boots...

Abstract Decades of research has debated whether women first need to reach a “critical mass” in the legislature before they can effectively influence legislative outcomes. This study contributes debate using supervised tree-based machine learning relationship between increasing variation women's representation and allocation government expenditures three policy areas: education, healthcare, def...

fi scal stimulus package centered on " bang for the buck, " that is, on whether tax cuts or spending increases would produce more jobs. This limited perspective is very misleading, however: the choice of spending versus taxes should turn fi rst and foremost on the purposes of government, or what economists quaintly call " the allocation of resources. " It's silly to debate whether investing in ...

BACKGROUND According to the American Heart Association, passive smoking is an important risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD), but the mechanisms underlying this association are not fully understood. We studied the acute effect of passive smoking on the factors that influence the development of CHD: the antioxidant defense of human serum, the extent of lipid peroxidation, and the accumul...

We make several contributions that quantify the real-time hash rate and therefore the consensus of a blockchain. We show that by using only the hash value of blocks, we can estimate and measure the hash rate of all miners or individual miners, with quantifiable accuracy. We apply our techniques to the Ethereum and Bitcoin blockchains; our solution applies to any proof-of-work-based blockchain t...

Divisible E-cash systems allow users to withdraw a unique coin of value 2 from a bank, but then to spend it in several times to distinct merchants. In such a system, whereas users want anonymity of their transactions, the bank wants to prevent, or at least detect, double-spending, and trace the defrauders. While this primitive was introduced two decades ago, quite a few (really) anonymous const...