Phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs) are amphipathic peptides produced by staphylococci that have multiple functions in pathogenesis. For example, they may function as cytotoxins and pro-inflammatory agents. Additionally, in a recent study we demonstrated that Staphylococcus aureus PSMs structure biofilms and cause dissemination during biofilm infection. Based on those results suggesting a surfactant...

A number of new agents are being developed concurrently, including cytotoxins, hormonal agents, and biologic approaches (Table). There are a number of new anthracyclines, particularly liposomal anthracyclines. There are ongoing clinical trials with liposomal daunorubicin and liposomal doxorubicin. At M.D. Anderson, we developed liposomal anamycin, which is a new anthracycline that is not a p-gl...

Tissue culture affords a method for the study of the direct effects of cytotoxins separated from the cellular defense, vascular reactions, clotting mech anism, and other mediators of resistance and homeostasis that exist in vivo. Lambert and Hanes in 1911 were the first to utilize this technic for such study (19). They reported that rat sarcoma would not grow in plasma coaguluni from guinea pig...

Circulation Research is available at http://circres.ahajournals.org DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.304734 Rationale: CD4+ natural killer T (NKT) cells augment atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E–deficient (ApoE)−/− mice but their mechanisms of action are unknown. Objectives: We investigated the roles of bystander T, B, and NK cells; NKT cell–derived interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-21 cyto...