literature has always been the stage of representing sublime concepts of humanity and illustrates most latent scenes of human life. war and resistance have been apparently represented in literature as two most important expressions of human life. writers and poets  have always created beautiful works in this context such as those written  after crusades and events  of fateful conflicts between ...

In this article, the author deals with Cypriot society’s process of reflection regarding life and death legendary king Peter I Lusignan Cyprus (1359–1369). world historiography, many works are devoted to his acts. The originality research lies in an innovative articulation issue, i.e. attempt understand victorious king’s transformation into a tyrant hated by everybody then back hero. deeds as p...

During the early 5th until 7th Hijrah, Crusades on Muslim land began in 492 H eruption of Siege Acre 690 resulted a decline intellectual achievements and stagnation knowledge among Muslims. Besides that, there were also conflicts ongoing political turmoils, which led to Muslim’s further deterioration with sack Baghdad hands Tatar 656 till 702 H. Amid chaos around that century, emerged several i...

The ideas of the well-known reformist Sheikh Muḥammad Rashīd Riḍā (1865-1935) in his journal Al-Manār (Lighthouse, 1898-1935) still inspire many academic researchers who are interested study Muslim world first decades twentieth century. As one most influential advocates Arab nationalism and pan-Islamism, Riḍā’s critiques Zionism Jewish expansion Palestine were part anti-colonial activities agai...

proper opportunity of the city of genoa, its cooperation during the crusades, and the evolution in the terms of trade organization and practices at the same time that mongol empire was establishing, formed a new round of intercontinental trade . the importance of commerce for the mongol continued as a tradition in ilkhanids. genoese commercial presence in eastern ports and the black sea and als...