Although memory is typically measured by recall or recognition, it is also expressed by fluent or stylized task performance. In this experiment, 12 volunteers (called speakers) completed four experimental stages over a 2-week period. They read printed words aloud in two sessions, before and after exposure to auditory training tokens. They later completed a recognition memory test, discriminatin...

We derive an explicit Hamiltonian for copying the basis up and down states of a quantum two-state system—a qubit—onto n " copy " qubits (n ≥ 1) initially all prepared in the down state. In terms of spin components , for spin-1 2 particle spin states, the resulting Hamiltonian involves n-and (n + 1)-spin interactions. The case n = 1 also corresponds to a quantum-computing controlled-NOT gate.

The set of operations in state-of-the-art graph transformation tools allows one to conditionally create and remove nodes and edges from input graphs. Node attributes can be initialized or updated with information from other attributes, parameters or constants. These operations appear to be too restricted for expressing model refinements in a concise manner. More specifically, graph transformati...