In the action-space account of color, an emphasis is laid on implicit knowledge when it comes to experience, and explanatory ambitions are expressed. If the knowledge claims are interpreted in a strong way, the action-space account becomes a form of conservative enactivism, which is a kind of cognitivism. Only if the knowledge claims are weakly interpreted, the action space-account can be seen ...

Information systems portfolio management is a tool that is increasingly being used by large organizations to keep track of IT projects and align those projects with organizational strategy. This paper is an initial attempt to provide a theoretical lens with which to view the IS portfolio management phenomenon. Contingency theory, modern portfolio theory, and absorptive capacity serve as theoret...

The framework provided by Claude Shannon’s (1948) theory of information leads to a far-reaching, more quantitatively oriented reconceptualization of the processes that mediate what is commonly called associative learning. The focus shifts from processes set in motion by individual events to processes sensitive to the information carried by the flow of events. The conception of what properties o...

This paper focuses on how statistical independence can be observed in a contingency table when the table is viewed as a matrix. Statistical independence in a contingency table is represented as a special form of linear dependence, where all the rows or columns are described by one row or column, respectively.

The power PC theory (Cheng, 1997) is a normative account of causal inference, which predicts that causal judgements are based on the power p of a potential cause, where p is the cause-effect contingency normalized by the base rate of the effect. In three experiments we demonstrate that both cause-effect contingency and effect base-rate independently affect estimates in causal learning tasks. In...

By the early twentieth century, Schumpeter had already stressed the importance of innovation for a sustainable development of enterprises. Innovation is especially important for information and communication technology (ICT) companies as their business model is based on rapidly changing technology. They therefore often profit from innovation developed in intra-company research organizations. Ho...

General systems theory has been proposed as a basis for the unification of science. The open systems model has stimulated many new conceptualizations in organization theory and management practice. However, experience in utilizing these concepts suggests many unresolved dilemmas. Contingency views represent a step toward less abstraction, more explicit patterns of relationships, and more applic...

Purpose – The importance of involving subject matter experts (SMEs) in ERP implementations is well established. SMEs’ knowledge of business and system processes are critical to conducting gap analyses and configuring enterprise systems. But what happens to SMEs on completion of the implementation phase? Prior qualitative research found that some organizations return SMEs to their old department...

Hypothesized top-down and bottom-up mechanisms of control within conflict-rich environments were examined by presenting participants with a Stroop task in which specific words were usually presented in either congruent or incongruent colors. Incongruent colors were either frequently (high contingency) or infrequently (low contingency) paired with the word. These items were embedded within lists...