The difference between failure and success in developing a software-intensive system can often be traced to the presence or absence of clashes among the models used to define the system's product, process, property, and success characteristics. (Here, we use a simplified version of one of Webster's definitions of "model:" a description or analogy used to help visualize something. We include ana...

Restriction-modification systems digest non-methylated invading DNA, while protecting host DNA against the endonuclease activity by methylation. It is widely believed that the methylated DNA would not 'fit' into the binding site of the endonuclease in the productive orientation, and thus steric clashes should account for most of the protection. We test this concept statistically by grafting met...

We report the 2.4 A resolution X-ray structure of a complex in which a small molecule flips a base out of a DNA helical stack. The small molecule is a metalloporphyrin, CuTMPyP4 [copper(II) meso-tetra(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin], and the DNA is a hexamer duplex, [d(CGATCG)]2. The porphyrin system, with the copper atom near the helical axis, is located within the helical stack. The porphyrin b...

The re-introduction of multi-party politics in Kenya the early 1990s contributed to inter-ethnic violence and clashes. These clashes have preoccupied Kenyan scholars for a long time and, as result, created wrong perception that is main historical determinant ethnic cross-border relations between communities. Ethnic conflicts predated politically instigated Kenya. By relying on archival, oral, s...

In this paper, we describe a program of research designed to explore.' how a lexical semantic theory may be exploited for extracting information from corpora suitable for use in Information Retrieval applications. Unlike with purely statistical collocational analyses, the framework of a semantic theory allows the ~ultomatic construction of predictions about semantic relationships among words ap...

as turkey is officially a secular state and it adopts swiss civil code, thestate implements secular legal system. however, as people in turkey are predominantlymuslim and theyare born and raised in a traditionally muslim environment,people generally and especially women live under the influence of these two sometimescontradictory and inconsistent legal systems and customs. as a result, thereare...

Caspases have several allosteric sites that bind small molecules or peptides. Allosteric regulators are known to affect caspase enzyme activity, in general, by facilitating large conformational changes that convert the active enzyme to a zymogen-like form in which the substrate-binding pocket is disordered. Mutations in presumed allosteric networks also decrease activity, although large structu...

In this article we introduce a computational procedure, OPTCOMB (Optimal Pattern of Tiling for COMBinatorial library design), for designing protein hybrid libraries that optimally balance library size with quality. The proposed procedure is directly applicable to oligonucleotide ligation-based protocols such as GeneReassembly, DHR, SISDC, and many more. Given a set of parental sequences and the...

n engl j med 371;7 nejm.org august 14, 2014 596 penetrant genetic mutations that predictably result in disease, clinical sequencing will enable individual screening, monitoring, prevention, and treatment of medically actionable conditions. On the other hand, there will be a large proportion of potentially deleterious variants associated with medium-sized odds ratios for disease and variable phe...

The difference between failure and success in developing a software-intensive system can often be traced to the presence or absence of clashes among the models used to define the system’s product, process, property, and success characteristics. (Here, we use a simplified version of one of Webster’s definitions of “model” a description or analogy used to help visualize something. We include anal...