background: several regulatory proteins are involved in salmonella invasion. the key regulator of spi-1 (salmonella pathogenicity island 1 ) is hila, a transcriptional activator encoded on spi-1 that regulates the expression of the spi-1 secretion system. objectives: importance of hila mutation on s. enteritidis colonization and shedding in layer hens was evaluated in a long-term experiment. me...

The possible sources of Campylobacter spp. in poultry meat before slaughter were studied by examining samples of feathers, cloaca swabs, litter swabs, transport coops, rinse water from coop washing equipment, and chicken breast supports in the slaughter line just before stunning. The samples were collected from 8 broiler houses and from 8 different producers, from a poultry integration system i...

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the Enterobacteriaceae strains among patients who suffering diarrhea, phenotypic and genotypic characterization of ESBL-producing isolates in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
 Methods: Stool samples were collected cultured different strains, PCR was done for detect ESBLs genes antibiotic susceptibility against antibiotics done.
 Results: The total number...

We present the first experimental evidence that a bird is capable of evaporating enough water from the cloaca to be important for thermoregulation. We measured rates of evaporation occurring from the mouth, the skin, and the cloaca of Inca doves Columbina inca Lesson and Eurasian quail Coturnix coturnix Linnaeus. Inca doves showed no significant increase in cutaneous evaporation in response to ...

The semidominant Danforth's short tail (Sd) mutation arose spontaneously in the 1920s. The homozygous Sd phenotype includes severe malformations of the axial skeleton with an absent tail, kidney agenesis, anal atresia, and persistent cloaca. The Sd mutant phenotype mirrors features seen in human caudal malformation syndromes including urorectal septum malformation, caudal regression, VACTERL as...

BACKGROUND Fibronectin glomerulopathy is a rare, inherited, autosomal dominant, glomerular disease characterized by proteinuria, microscopic hematuria, hypertension, massive glomerular deposits of fibronectin, and slow progression to end-stage renal failure. Because the incident of fibronectin glomerulopathy is extremely low, the pathophysiology, genetic abnormalities, epidemiology, and mechani...