a total of 385 urine specimens from suspected urinary tract infections were subjected to bacteriological analysis and susceptibility testing at a major university hospital laboratory in tehran. a battery of eight beta-iactam antibiotics, commonly prescribed in iran, and three third-generation cephalosporins (ceftazidime, ceftriaxone and ceftizoxime) that are usually reserved for limited use in ...

It is now over 20 years since Professor Brotzu recovered the mould Cephalosporium acremonium from Sardinian sewage and found that it produced antibiotic material. Figure 1 represents a simplified cephalosporin family tree. The first antibiotic to be isolated from the mould was cephalosporin N, an acyl derivative of 6-aminopenicillanic acid, susceptible to the action of stapylococcal penicillina...

The discovery of penicillinase-resistant penicillins is an important landmark in the history of antibacterial chemotherapy. Methicillin came into clinical use in 1960, and its value in the treatment of penicillin-resistant staphylococcal infection is now well established. The same is true of the isoxazolyl penicillins, oxacillin and cloxacillin, which came on to the scenes about a year later. N...