Due to the need to evaluate the effectiveness of community-based programs in practice, there is substantial interest in methods to estimate the causal effects of community-level treatments or exposures on individual level outcomes. The challenge one is confronted with is that different communities have different environmental factors affecting the individual outcomes, and all individuals in a c...

In this paper, we have investigated the non-adiabatic spherical gravitational collapse in framework of $f(R,T)$ theory gravity with a locally anisotropic fluid that undergoes dissipation form heat flux, free-streaming radiation, and shearing viscosity. The dynamical equations are analyzed detail, both Newtonian post-Newtonian regimes. Finally couple to full causal transport equation context Isr...

We show how, and under which conditions, the equilibrium states of a first-order Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) system can be described with a deterministic Structural Causal Model (SCM). Our exposition sheds more light on the concept of causality as expressed within the framework of Structural Causal Models, especially for cyclic models.

Discovering causal structure of a dynamical system from observed time series is a traditional and important problem. In many practical applications, observed data are obtained by applying subsampling or temporally aggregation to the original causal processes, making it difficult to discover the underlying causal relations. Subsampling refers to the procedure that for every k consecutive observa...

The causal ordering procedure of Iwasaki and Simon [5,61 provides a means for uncovering causal dependencies among variables constrained by a set of mathematical equations. This paper examines the procedure from a qualitative modeling viewpoint and addresses one of its limitations : context sensitivity. Causal dependencies predicted by the procedure may change depending on the context or scenar...

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The causal perturbation expansion of the fermionic projector is performed with a contour integral method. Different normalization conditions are analyzed. It is shown that the corresponding light-cone expansions are causal in the sense that they only involve bounded line integrals. For the resulting loop diagrams we prove a generalized Furry theorem.

We fully develop the concept of causal symmetry introduced in [21]. A causal symmetry is a transformation of a Lorentzian manifold (V, g) which maps every future-directed vector onto a future-directed vector. We prove that the set of all causal symmetries is not a group under the usual composition operation but a submonoid of the diffeomorphism group of V . Therefore, the infinitesimal generati...