Disinfection is considered to be the primary mechanism for the inactivation/destruction of pathogenic organisms to prevent the spread of waterborne diseases to downstream users and the environment. It is important that wastewater be adequately treated prior to disinfection in order for any disinfectant to be effective. Table 1 lists some common microorganisms found in domestic wastewater and th...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the unique characteristics of tag presentation on Chinese websites and their usability for Chinese users. A visual search experiment was conducted with 36 Mainland Chinese participants, who performed search tasks using six different tag presentation styles. Results indicated that, for the Mainland Chinese population, a tag layout with sorting is more...

Due to the relative ineffectiveness of standard resuscitation techniques, alternative methods have been explored for many years. The aim of new methods is to improve haemodynamics and increase survival rates. In spite of some encouraging haemodynamic results, all but one study failed to show an increase in long-term survival rates with an alternative method in a convincingly large group of pati...

Allergic rhinitis, also known as hay fever, is a type of inflammation in the nose which occurs when the immune system overreacts to allergens in the air [1]. Signs and symptoms include a runny or stuffy nose, sneezing, red, itchy, and watery eyes, and swelling around the eyes [2]. The fluid from the nose is usually clear. Symptoms onset is often within minutes following exposure and they can af...

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Endometriosis is an inflammatory estrogen-dependent disease defined by the presence of endometrial glands and stroma at extrauterine sites. The main purpose of endometriosis management is alleviating pain associated to the disease. This can be achieved surgically or medically, although in most women a combination of both treatments is required. Long-term medical treatment is usually needed in m...

Given a set of training examples, determining the appropriate number of free parameters is a challenging problem. Constructive learning algorithms attempt to solve this problem automatically by adding hidden units, and therefore free parameters, during learning. We explore an alternative class of algorithms|called metamorphosis algorithms|in which the number of units is xed, but the number of f...

Conceptually, irritant contact dermatitis (irritation) and allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in man should provide the ideal platforms to launch in vitro toxicology into the pantheon of in vitro testing assays. In theory, irritant dermatitis has been considered by most a simple area of cutaneous biology, whereas ACD is a complex area of biology. However, both result in responses that are reason...

378 Alternative Methods: 3Rs, Research and Regulatory Aspects Francesca Caloni 1, Patrizia Costa , Gianni Dal Negro 3, Isabella De Angelis 4, Silvia Dotti 5, Giovanna Lazzari 6, Giacomo Metteucci 7, and Augusto Vitale 8 Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Milan, Italy; Università degli studi di Milano, laboratory Animal Science and Medicine Sp...

Francesca Caloni 1, Giovanna Mazzoleni 2, Marisa Meloni 3, Chiara Urani 4, Maura Ferrari 5, Silvia Dotti 5 and Yula Sambuy 6 Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety (VESPA), Milan, Italy; Università degli Studi di Brescia, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences (DSCS), School of Medicine, Brescia, Italy; VitroScreen, In vitro research Lab...