The more than 4,000 living species of mammal have infiltrated almost every habitat in the world. From alpine mountaintops to plains grasslands, from aerial heights to the depths of the ocean, from slender forest branches to narrow subterranean burrows, mammals occupy an extraordinary variety of substrates. Some are capable of running, swimming, or swinging at great speeds, while others creep sl...

Biological therapies in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are known to increase the risk of serious infections. The present study was performed to evaluate the clinical features of bacterial infections occurring in the limbs during biological therapies in patients with RA. By March 2011, 11 RA patients (14 limbs) treated with biological agents at our institution required hospitalization due to bacteria...

PURPOSE To evaluate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) findings in popliteal artery entrapment syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven limbs of 6 patients (5 men and 1 woman; mean age, 36 +/- 12 years) with popliteal artery entrapment syndrome were evaluated retrospectively. Both MRI and DSA were performed on each affected limb. RESULTS MRI findings est...

Arthropods and in particular crustaceans show a great diversity concerning their limb morphology. This makes the homologization of limbs and their parts and our understanding of evolutionary transformations of these limb types problematical. To address these problems we undertook a comparative study of the limb development of two representatives of branchiopod crustaceans, one with phyllopodous...

BACKGROUND The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the clinical utility of Mangled extremity severity score (MESS) in severely injured lower limbs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospectively 25 and prospectively 36 lower limbs in 58 patients with high-energy injuries were evaluated with the use of MESS, to assist in the decision-making process for the care of patients with such injuries. ...

My previous experiments with salamanders {Triton cristatus; ten Cate, 1927) and tortoises (Testudo graeca; ten Cate, 1937) have shown that, after transection of the spinal cord in the thoracic region, locomotor movements of the hind limbs can be observed under favourable conditions while the front limbs remain motionless. These alternating movements are well co-ordinated but last only a short t...