Sliding mode is used in order to retain a dynamic system accurately at a given constraint and features theoretically-in nite-frequency switching. Standard sliding modes are known to feature nite time convergence, precise keeping of the constraint and robustness with respect to internal and external disturbances. Having generalized the notion of sliding mode, higher order sliding modes preserve ...

What is a latent variable? • A variable that is not observable or is not directly measurable. • A variable that is measured with error or can only be measured with error. • A latent variable can be used to represent a 'true' variable which is measured with error, OR a single conceptual variable, OR a construct which is a summarization of a complex concept. Examples of 'true' variables that are ...

Measurement error data or errors-in-variable data are often collected in many studies. Natural criterion functions are often unavailable for general functional measurement error models due to the lack of information on the distribution of the unobservable covariates. Typically, the parameter estimation is via solving estimating equations. In addition, the construction of such estimating equatio...